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http://www.archive.org/details/americanriflemanOOgoul 




PRICE, TEN CENT* 



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LOADED WITH 

Kings Sehi-Smokeless Powder 




ACCURATE ENOUGH 
TO MAKE 



Cupid 
BreaK 
His Do^w 



WON THE INDOOR RIFLE 

CHAMPIONSHIP 

OF THE UNITED STATES IN 

1898, 1899, 

1900, 1901, 1902. 

Out of 42 contestants 41 used this ammunition. They hold the 
World's Records in Rifle, Revolver, and Pistol Shooting. 



THE 



PETERS CARTRIDGE CO 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 



0: 



Eastern Department: 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T. H. Keller, Manager. 



=i 



American Rifleman's 
Encyclopedia 



BEING A COLLECTION OF WORDS AND TERMS 

USED BY RIFLEMEN OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, 

AND GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR 

RIFLE SHOOTING. 



Corrpiied by 
A. C. GOULD, Editor of Shooting and Fishing. _^^ 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE PETERS CARTRIDGE CO., 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

EASTERN DEPARTMENT: 
80 Chambers Street, New Y6rk, 

T. H. KELLER. MANAGER. 



THE iCrBRARV OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copits RtceivED 

AUG. 2 1902 

Copyright ENTfiv 

'^Cl,ASS<2^XXc. No. 

COPY B. 



Copyrighted, 1902, 

BY 

The Peters Cartridge Co. 
all rights reserved. 



PREFACE. 



There are many words and terms used by riflemen that are 
universally employed wherever the English language is spoken 
or written; but there are also expressions in the rifleman's ver- 
nacular which are not found in any dictionary, and are not 
understood by many persons. The Peters Cartridge Company 
is frequently appealed to for. explanations of terms employed by 
riflemen ; even among the fraternity there are often words and 
terms used in one locality which are not comprehended by rifle- 
men in another part of the country. 

In addition to the foregoing, there is a constant desire on the 
part of those beginning to be interested in rifle shooting to know 
how to proceed to organize a club, build a range, and conduct 
the sport. 

Several years ago the author of this work began recording 
the words and terms employed by riflemen, defining and explain- 
ing them. To these he has added the information so often 
sought by riflemen, and presents them in this volume. It is 
believed that the present work may be considerably enlarged and 
improved in subsequent editions, embracing the many new 
terms, and recording new information, which will develop by the' 
changed conditions of matters connected with rifle shooting, and 
increased interest in the subject. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Action — The mechanism of a rifle, particularly the part that 
is employed in operating the rifle; /. e., loading and firing 
the rifle. 

Aiming — To direct or point a rifle or pistol toward the object 
intended to be hit. 

Aiming Drill — Practice in aiming without firing, which is be- 
lieved to train the novice in the art of holding steadily and 
improving shooting thereby. 

Alignment— =Aligning — A term used by riflemen which is 
synonymous with sighting, the literal meaning of which 
is, drawing a visionary straight line from the front and rear 
sights of a rifle, or from the sights of a rifle on the object de- 
sired to hit with the projectile from a rifle. 

Alloy — A mixture of metals. The term commonly used by 
riflemen to express the mixture of various metals with lead 
for bullets. The mixing of metals by fusing. 

Ammunition — Collectively or specifically the charge or part 
of charge used in any form of fire arm. (See Cartridges, also 
Bullets — Powders — Primers). 

Anemometer — An instrument for measuring the velocity or 
force of the wind". Frequently employed in testing rifles. 

Angle Line — A shot striking the iron or stone facing the front 
of a target glancing off and hitting the target. 

Antimony — Classed as a non-metallic substance; used by 
riflemen as an alloy to lead in bullets for hardening the 
projectile. 

Aperture Sight— (See Sights). 

Assemble — A term used to signify fitting, or putting the parts 
of a fire arm together. 



8 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Auxiliary Barrel — An additional barrel of smaller size than the 
original barrel, usually placed inside of the larger barrel, and 
from which a smaller cartridge is shot. 

Auxiliary Load — A load different from that for which the rifle 
is made ; it usually is a reduced load. 

B 

Backlash — In connected machinery the movement of one part 
without affecting the connected part, caused by imperfect 
fitting of the parts. 

Ball — A term usually applied to a round bullet, although it is 
used indiscriminately in referring to projectiles for rifles. 
(See Bullets). 

Back Position — (See Position). 

Ball Seater— (See Bullet Seater). 

Ballistic — The science of projection or projectiles. 

Banana Lubricant — A private formula invented by E. A. 
Leopold, Norristown, Pa. , 1898. A lubricant for rifle bullets, 
especially adapted to the requirements of a lubricating 
■ machine or pump. 

Band — When applied to rifles or pistols usually means bands 
that go around barrel and forestock to hold them together. 
The term is also used to signify the parts of the bullet be- 
tween the cannelures. 

Barrel Clutch — A part of the mechanism of rifle or pistol. A 
clutch holding a tip-down barrel. 

Bead Sight— (See Sights). 

Bell Muzzle — A conspicuous increase in the diameter of a 
rifle barrel at the muzzle. Formerly intentionally con- 
structed ; often referred to now as a mechanical defect in a 
rifle barrel. 

Bench Rest — A bench on which a rest for a rifle is attached in 
an attempt to secure perfect steadiness to test the rifle for 
accuracy ; also known as machine rest. 

Blacking a Sight — To blacken a sight by painting or by smok- 
ing. Gum camphor is commonly used for this purpose. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 9 

Blow Up — A term used to indicate the using of a blow pipe, 
which is inserted in the chamber of a rifle and blown through 
with the object of dissolving the residue of a shot by the 
moisture of the breath. The term is also used to designate 
a premature explosion, or a discharge which rends the rifle. 

Blow Tube— Blow Pipe — An instrument used to blow the 
breath into a rifle barrel. (See Blow Up). 

Body Rest Position — (See Position). 

Bolt Rifle— Bolt Action — A rifle with bolt mechanism; the 
Hotchkiss, Lee, and United States Magazine rifles are of 
this type. 

Borchardt Rifle — A system bearing the inventor's name, of 
the early hammerless type, no longer manufactured. 

Bored-up Rifle— (See Rebored Rifles). 

Bottle Neck Shell— (See Shells). 

Box Magazine — (See Magazine Rifle). 

Breech— The rear end of a rifle. 

Breechloader — A gun or rifle which loads at the breech. 

Bubble — A vacuum, a cavity. Riflemen refer to a bubble in 
a bullet, which is sometimes found. A bubble is also found 
in metal, in a rifle barrel. 

Buckhorn Sight— (See Sights). 

Bud — A spot at which a rifleman aims with a telescopic 
sighted rifle ; generally of a distinguishing color, round in 
shape and usually not over an inch in diameter. A small 
bullseye ; sometimes referred to as the inner spot of a target. 

Buffalo Rifle — A term applied to a type of rifle formerly used 
largely in killing buffalo. It meant a rifle of large caliber, 
.40 to .50, with a large charge of powder and a heavy pro- 
jectile. A rifle used for killing buffalo at long ranges. 

Buffi ngton Sight— (See Sights). 

Bullet — A missile, usually of lead or alloyed lead, which is 
shot from a rifle, pistol, revolver or gun. Bullets are of 
various shapes and differently constructed. The most com- 
mon forms of bullets are the round, or spherical bullet, 



:o American Rifleman's Excyclopedia. 

and the elongated bullet. Of the latter type there are the 
cannelured bullet and the patched bullet. There are many 
varieties of bullets of the elongated type which bear the 
names of the designers. Among the various kinds of bullets 
are the following, arranged alphabetically : 

Cannelured Bullet — An elongated bullet with grooves 
around the rear end. These grooves are for holding 
lubricant. 

Central Fire Bullet — A bullet for a central fire cartridge, 
usually meaning an elongated cannelured bullet which is of 
the same diameter from the shoulder to the base. 

Combination Bullet — Sometimes the term means a bullet 
with a very hard point and a soft base. Any bullet not 
composed wholly of one material. 

Copper Jacketed — or Copper Coated Bullet — A bullet 
with a covering of copper. 

Elongated Bullet — Longer than it is wide, the opposite 
type from the round bullet. 

Explosive Bullet — A bullet containing some explosive 
material for the purpose of making a deadh* wound. Some- 
times this result is secured by inserting a blank .22 caliber 
cartridge in a hollow point of an elongated bullet ; other 
forms of explosive bullets have explosive material inside the 
bullet, usually in a hollow cavity, which is sealed. The ex- 
plosion occurs on impact of the bullet. The term explosive 
bullet has been erroneously applied to an elongated bullet 
with a hollow point, or the same bullet with non-explosive 
plug in hollow point. Explosive bullets are now rarely used 
as they are thought to be unnecessary ; the more modern 
types of bullets in high power rifles serve the purpose. 'J'o 
use them on any but the most dangerous game is regarded 
as unsportsmanlike; to use them in warfare is against the 
international code, and is regarded as cowardly. Explosive 
bullets are dangerous to the user and lack penetration. 

Express Bullet — A term more appropriately applied to 
bullets shot in the old type of rifles when the bullet was 
lightened about as much as possible in order to increase 
velocity and lower the trajectory, A light bullet to be shot 
with a heavy powder charge. The term has frequently 
been erroneously used. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. ii 

Fool Bullet — A deceptive bullet ; usually made of a com- 
position which gives the appearance of a solid bullet, but 
really may be crushed to powder when placed in the rifle or 
pistol. 

Flat Pointed — Flat Nosed — or Flat Headed Bullet — 
One with a flat point. 

Gould Bullet — A bullet with a hollow point, bearing the 
designer's name. 

Grooved Bullet — One with groove or cannelures. 

Hard Bullet — One made of hard material. 

Hard Pointed Bullet— One with a hard point, usually to 
secure penetration ; there is also a target bullet cast in two 
parts, the front very hard, the base of softer material ; these 
parts are swaged together. 

Hemispherical Bullet — An elongated bullet with a hemis- 
pherical point. 

Hollow Pointed Bullet — One with a hollow point for 
the purpose of lightening it, and to increase the mush- 
rooming effect when it strikes flesh. 

Jacketed Bullet — Same as metal patched bullet. 

Lord-Keene Bullet — A bullet with a split point. Obso- 
lete now. 

Lubricated Bullet — A bullet that is lubricated, either 
the rim-fire or the central-fire type, more commonly applied 
to the cannelured bullet with lubricant. 

Mantled Bullet — A bullet with a metal covering. 

Metal Patched Bullet — One with a covering of metal. 

Naked Bullet — One without a patch, or without can- 
nelures. 

Patched Bullet— One that has a partial covering, usually 
a paper patch ; sometimes a metal patch is used. 

Rim-fire Bullet — A bullet which forms a part of a rim- 
fire cartridge, usually without cannelures, and smaller at 
the base than at the shoulder; the base has the diameter of 
the interior of mouth of shell, or case, of the cartridge; the 
shoulder of this bullet has the diameter of the exterior of 
mouth end of shell. 

Round or Spherical Bullet— One that is round. 



12 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Self-lubricating Bullet — So made that the upsetting of 
the bullet when fired squeezes out the concealed lubricant 
on the inside of the rifle barrel. 

Soft Bullet — One made of soft material ; usually means 
a pure lead bullet. 

Split Bullet— One that is split at the forward end for 
the purpose of making a more deadly wound when it strikes 
flesh. 

Steel Pointed Bullet — A composition bullet with a steel 
point 

Steel Jacketed Bullet— One with a jacket or covering 
of steel. 

Wire Wound Bullet — A bullet with a jacket, or patch, 
made by wound wire. 

Bullet Mold— (See Mold). 

Bullet Seater — A tool for seating the bullet in the rifle barrel. 
Used chiefly in a breechloading target rifle when the marks- 
man desires the bullet seated in the rifling ahead of the 
powder charged shell. Used chiefly in a target rifle for 
target shooting. 

Bullet Sizer — A tool through which bullets are forced to make 
them of uniform size. 

Bullseye — A spot of some distinguishing color at which a 
shooter aims; the bullseye is usually round, though the 
term is applied to various shapes. 

Burst — To explode; to detonate. 

Bush — Bushing— A lining for a hole to decrease its size. A 
chamber may be bushed to make it smaller, and then re- 
chambered for another cartridge different in size, or of 
another shape. 

Butt — The stock of a rifle, pistol or revolver. In rifles the 
heelplate often determines the name of the butt : shotgun 
butt, shaped like the butt of a shotgun ; Schuetzen butt, 
usually a heavy wooden butt with deep crescent shaped 
buttplate, or heelplate, into which the arm near the 
shoulder is fitted when aiming ; such a stock often has a 
cheek piece ; Swiss butt usually the same as Schuetzen butt ; 
rifle butt, usually means a butt with a half crescent butt- 
plate ; skeleton butt, a stock with metallic frame ; military 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 13 

butt, usually means a butt with the end curved. This term is 
also used to signify the embankment which protects the rifle 
pit, and the barrier back of the target. 

Buttplate — Butt Stock — The plate affixed to the rear end of 
a rifle stock. These are known as shotgun buttplate, rifle 
buttplate, Swiss buttplate, Schuetzen buttplate, crescent 
buttplate, checked buttplate ; these terms referring usually 
to the various shapes. The terms, rubber buttplate, iron 
buttplate, horn buttplate, etc., refer to the material. 

By-laws (Form of)— See under National Rifle Association of 
America, also Rifle Associations — Rifle Clubs — Revolver or 
Pistol Clubs. 

c 

Caliber of a Rifle — A term synonomous to guage. 

Camphor Gum — Used by riflemen to blacken sights. The 

camphor is ignited; it produces a heavy smoke, in which 

the open sights are held and blackened, thereby removing 

the glint. 
Cannelures — The grooves around the base end of a bullet, the 

object of which is to hold lubricant. 
Canting the Rifle— (See Rolling the Rifle). 
Canvas Targets — (See Targets). 
Cap — A metallic cup which is charged with fulminate and 

placed on the nipple of a rifle, a blow on which by a falling 

hammer ignites the powder charge. In America this term 

is applied generally to the cap, or primer of a muzzleload- 

ing rifle. 
Capper — A tool for seating a cap, or primer in the pocket of 

a central-fire shell. 
Carbine — A rifle with a short barrel, usually the rifle of 

mounted soldiers. 

Cartridge — A charge for a rifle, generally understood today 
as meaning a metallic shell or case, containing a priming 
or a primer, a charge of powder and a projectile, or bullet. 
Rim-fire cartridges contain the priming or fulminate in the 
rim. Central-fire cartridges contain a primer seated in a 
pocket in the center of the head of the shell. Pin-fire 
cartridges (now obsolete) have a pin in the shell which by a 
blow was forced forward, exploding the fulminate, which 




The Palma Centennial Trophy. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 15 

in turn ignited the powder. Blank cartridges contain no 
projectile. Cartridges for muzzleloading rifles were for- 
merly made of linen, paper, or other substance. This form 
is now obsolete. 
Cast — A term synonomous with mold. To cast a bullet. 

Cast Off — A term used by sportsmen to indicate a peculiar 
shape of a rifle stock ; to correct certain imperfections in 
vision or other anatomical anomalies. 

Casting — The same as molding ; casting a bullet. Also used 
to express a part of a rifle that is cast. 

Center — A space on a Creedmoor target that counts four. A 
point on a wind gauge that indicates no windage. A zero 
point, or center point on a wind gauge. 

Centra I -fire — Center-fire — A term applied to a cartridge fired 
with a primer, or cap, in the center of the head of a 
cartridge. A center, or central-fire rifle, one that fires a 
center-fire cartridge. 

Chamber — In fire arms the receptacle at back part of barrel, or 
back of the barrel, that receives the cartridge. 

Chamfer — Cutting away the arris. In the vernacular of the 
rifleman this means to relieve the arris, or short corner of a 
rifle barrel, at the muzzle where the end of the bore at the 
muzzle is at right angles with the end of the surface of the 
barrel ; to avoid a burr at end of rifling, or to prevent an in- 
jury at that point which is generally known to impair the 
shooting qualities of a rifle. 

Charger — One who charges the gun. A measure to gauge the 
powder charge. 

Chase Patch— (See Patch). 

Cheek Piece — A projection on one side of a rifle butt on which 
the shooter rests his cheek. Applied chiefly to target rifles. 

Choke — The decreased diameter of a rifle barrel toward the 
muzzle. 

Class Shooting — Classification of shooters, usually based upon 
the past records or performances of riflemen. 

Cleaning Rod — A rod for cleaning the inside of a rifle barrel. 

Clean Score — A perfect score ; the possible. 



i6 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Clop of a Bullet — The sound produced by a bullet striking an 
object. (See Spat of a Bullet). 

Coach— To give advice, guide, or make suggestions for the 
benefit of one shooting, or one endeavoring to perform 
some feat. 

Cock — To cock a rifle ; to set the firing spring. 

Columbia Target — (See Target). 

Combustion — Ignition; burning. 

Composition Bullet — (See Bullet). 

Constitution and By-laws (Form of) — See National Rifle Asso- 
ciation of America — also Rifle Association. 

Copper Coated Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Count — The value of a shot ; the aggregate of a score. 

Crack-a-Jack — A slang term meaning a fine shot. 

Creed moor — Name of a rifle range in Queens County, L. I., 
N. Y., formerly the range of the National Rifle Association 
of America. 

Creed moor Count — The count on Creedmoor target — Creed- 
moor rules— rules of the N. R. A. (Now obsolete). 

Creedmoor Rifle — A term sometimes applied to target rifles, 
particularly long range target rifles. 

Creedmoor Target — The targets formerly used by National 
Rifle Association and other rifle clubs. Superseded by new 
targets. 

Crimp — Crimped — Crimping — A mechanical operation em- 
ployed in loading metallic cartridges, which consists in 
turning over slightly or compressing the mouth of the 
metallic shell, or case, for the purpose of holding the bullet 
securely in its place. Applied to other forms of ammu- 
nition. 

Crimper — A tool for crimping. 

Cross Patch — A form of patch for a bullet, usually of paper, 
and two strips crossing each other at muzzle or false muzzle 
of a rifle. 

Cupro Nickel — A metal used to cover bullets for modern high 
power rifles. The material used to cover a metal patched, oi 
half metal patched bullet. The usual composition of this 
metal is thirty parts copper to twenty parts nickel. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



17 



Cut-off — In a magazine rifle, a mechanical device that checks, 
or locks the magazine, so that the arm may be used as a 
single loader ; also to lock a full cocked rifle. In a bullet 
mold a flat piece of metal at the sprew hole which by forcing 
one side cuts off the surplus lead. 



Danger Signal — A signal warning a shooter it is dangerous 
to fire. 

Decapper — A tool for remov- 
ing exploded primer from 
a shell. 

Decimal Count-(See Target). 

Decimal Target-(See Target). 

Detonation — Detonatin g — 

The usual explanation of 
these words is, to explode. 
By chemists and ballistic 
experts it means instanta- 
neous explosion. The term 
is applied to the quick ex- 
plosives such as are em- 
ployed to ignite slower 
explosives, such as gun- 
powders which have slower 
combustion; /. e., material 
used in a detonating cap; 
in a primer. These terms are 
also employed in referring 
to a powder charge detonat- 
ing; its chemical composi- 
tion is such as to caiise 
instantaneous explosion, us- 
ually bursting the gun. 

Dial Clock — A wind dial 
arranged similar to the face 
of a clock to show the direc- 
tion of the wind. (See 
illustration). 




"Wind Dial Clock at End of Rifle Pit. 



1 8 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Disk — A term of many applications in the rifleman's vocabu- 
lary. An arrangement for marking out shots, or signaling 
shots; the marking disk often has on its back a disk of 
such form or color as to show the value of a shot. 
Lubricating Disk — A wad of lubricant. 

Dismount — A term used to signify taking a fire arm apart. 

Double Acting — A mechanism of a fire arm, usually in re- 
volvers, in which the firing operation is accomplished by 

< ■ raising the hamm r to the cocking point by pressing the 
trigger ; when the hammer passes the cocking point it is re- 
leased, and discharges the arm. 

- Double Action — The same. 

Drift — The trend of a bullet during its flight; usually caused 
by excessive twist in a rifle, or force of the wind. 

Driving Edge — On the lands of a rifle one edge is sometimes 
more conspicuous than the other ; the left edge of the lands 
of a rifle which is rifled with a right pitch, the right edge of 
the lands with pitch to left. 

Drop — As applied to a rifle stock it means downward bend. 

Drop Sliots — Shots out of a series of shots that fell short, or 
struck below most of the shots. 

Dross — The scum, or waste matter on molten metal; the 
scum of melted lead. 

Ducking Powder— (See;Powder). 

E 

Ejector — The part of gun mechanism that withdraws the shell 

from the chamber. 
Electric Sight— (See Sight). 
Elevation — A term applied tO' the raising of rifle sights. To 

elevate your sights. 
Emerying a Bullet — A process of lightly covering a bullet 

with oil or grease, then rolling 'it in fine emery, and firing 

the bullet so treated from a rifle to remove Jead, or to 

sharpen the edges of the lands. 
Emerying Out — This term is also applied to treating a cast 

lead slug as directed for emerying a bullet. The slug is 

fastened to a rod, and worked up and down the inside of 

a rifle barrel. (See Emerying a Bullet). 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 19 

Energy — The force, or power of a charge. 

Entry — The amount paid for the privilege of shooting in a 
match. Signifying intentions to contest in a match. Notify- 
ing the conductors of a match of your intentions to engage 
in a contest. 

Expansion Bullet — (See Bullet). 

Explosive Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Explosive Wadding — (See Wadding). 

Express Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Express Rifle — A rifle shooting a large charge of powder and 

a light bullet. 
Express Sight — (See Sight). 

Eyeshade — A shade attached to a rear target rifle sight, to 
overcome the glare of reflection. 

F 

Factory Ammunition — A term applied to cartridges loaded at 
factories, and not reloaded by the rifleman. 

Facing the Butts — Going to the firing point ready to shoot, 
with face toward the target and butts. 

False Muzzle — A device placed temporarily on the muzzle of 
a rifle to guide correctly the bullet when loading^the rifle 
from the muzzle. 

Firing Point — The place where the target shooter takes his 
position when ready to fine at known distances at targets. 

Firing Spring — The spring that operates the hammer. 

Fisher Cleaner — A bristle brush with rubber bands on the 
handle, used to remove the burnt powder from the inside of a 
rifle barrel. The brush is placed in a can or bottle of 
water. After firing a rifle the brush is pushed through the 
rifle barrel by a rod ; the bristles remove the burnt powder, 
and the rubber bands brush from the barrel most of the 
water. 

Fishtail Wind — A wind, the direction of which changes fre- 
quently to a slight extent; the name is derived from a 
similarity of the shifting wind to the movements of a fish's 

, tail. 



20 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Fixed Ammunition — This term is generally applied to ammu- 
nition as supplied by factories, but literally it means ammu- 
nition that is loaded like factory ammunition, so it is fixed 
solid, and may be carried as a soldier or most hunters would 
carry ammunition ; /. e. , without likelihood of the bullet 
being dislodged from the shell. Ammunition loaded with 
a crimped bullet. 

Flash Pan — The part of a flint lock fire arm that holds the 
powder, which is ignited from a spark from the flint. 

Flask— (See Powder Flask). 

Flat Pointed Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Flint — A hard mineral used in flint lock rifles to ignite the 

powder in a flash pan to discharge the rifle. 
Flint Lock — A fire arm which is discharged by a flint striking 

steel, which produces a spark which ignites the powder. 
Fluke Shot — A chance fortunate shot. 
Fool Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Forestock — The stock on the under part of the barrel of a 

rifle, usually of wood. 
Freezing On — (See Freezing Up). 

Freezing Up — A term used when the inside barrel receives a 
coating of dirt or lead which seems to pertinaciously cling 
to the barrel, and not readily removed. 

Full Magazine — (See Magazine Rifle). 

Full Metal Patch Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Full Jacketed Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Full Mantle Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Full Metal Patch-(See Patch). 

Fulminate — A very powerful and dangerous explosive, used 
in primers or caps to ignite powder. Also used in the rim 
of rim-fire cartridges to ignite the powder charge. 

G 

Gain Twist— (See Twist). 

Gallery — Usually intended to mean an indoor rifle gallery. 



22 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Gallery Load — A light or reduced load for use indoors; gen- 
erally a reduced charge of powder and lead. 

Gas Cutting — An escape of gas around the bullet, usually an 
irregular vermiculated path on the side of a bullet. This 
is detected by firing bullets into some soft substance (usu- 
ally snow). The traces of gas cutting indicate improper 
size and alloy of bullet. Gas cutting impairs the accuracy 
of a bullet's flight. 

Goose Egg — A term used by riflemen indicating a shot that 
fails to hit the target, for which a zero count is given. 

Gould Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Grooves — The cavities inside a rifle barrel, which are usually 
spiral, and by which a bullet when expanded and forced 
forward receives a spinning motion, giving to it an accu- 
rate flight. 

Grooved Bullet— (See Bullet). 

H 

Hair Trigger — A trigger the release of which is extremely 
^ light. (See Set Trigger). 

Half Cock — To drawback and set the hammer and half set 
the firing spring. 

Half Magazine — (See Magazine Rifle). 

Half Mantle — Half Jacketed — Half Patched — A covering for 
a portion of a bullet. The portion of the bullet exposed is 
usually to secure a smashing effect when striking game. 
(See Mantle). 

Hammer — That part of the mechanism of a fire arm that is 
cocked and when released strikes the cap, primer, or rim 
of a shell or cartridge, thereby igniting the charge. 

Hammerless— A rifle without a hammer or a concealed ham- 
mer. Usually means the type of rifle or pistol that has a 
concealed hammer or plunger. 

Handicap — Points allowed in trying to equalize the skill of 

shooters. 
Hardened Bullet— (See Bullet). 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 23 

Hardener — Metal harder than lead, which is mixed with lead 
in making bullets; this lessens the liability of leading a 
rifle, and increases range and penetration. The most 
common hardening metals used by sportsmen are tin and 
type metal. 

Heelplate — A buttplate. 

Heel Sight — The sight attached to the stock of a rifle near the 
heel, or buttplate. (See Sights). 

Hilton Trophy— (See Trophies). 

Hip Rest Position — (See Position). 

Hollow Pointed Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Honor Target — (See Target). 

Hunting Rifle — A rifle that would be proper, or likely to be 
used for hunting. A hunting rifle pure and simple should 
be an arm with plain sights, compactly built, with strength, 
and with ease of manipulation. 

I 

Ideal Flask — A powder flask for accurately measuring powder 
charges, and loading shells. Invented by F. J. Rabbeth, 
and manufactured by the Ideal Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn. 

impact — A blow. A body in motion striking another body. 
A projected bullet striking an object. 

Indicator Plug — A plug bearing a distinguishing mark, which 
is placed in a shot hole on a paper target to indicate the 
location of the shot. 

Inner — The space on a Creedmoor target or similar target 
that counts 3. 

International Rifle Matches — Matches between teams repre- 
senting diff'erent countries. Following are the records of 
matches between teams representing the United States and 
different foreign countries : 

Ireland vs. United States — Shot September 26th, 1874, 
at Creedmoor, L. I., N. Y., America being represented by 
the Amateur Rifle Club, of New York. Shot with match 
rifles. Conditions of weather: light wind, clear sky, sun 
bright, temperature hot. Value of stake, $1,000 in gold. 
Note — Target with square buUseye — counts, 4, 3, 2 ; possible 
in 15 shots, 60. 



24 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



American Score : 

Lieut. Henry Fulton 800 yards, 444444434444443=58 

900 " 344438444444444=57 

1000 " 434444444444333=56=171 

G.W.Yale 800 " 333344344444444=55 

900 " 434444344344344=56 

1000 " 433434444403344=51=162 

Col. John Bodine 800 " 333443444444334=54 

900 " 334344434443323=51 

1000 " 433444333442444=53=158 

Lieut.-Col. H. A. Gilderslecvc 800 " 344424434443343=53 

900 " 443444343334044=51 

1000 " 334234433434344=51=155 

L.L.Hepburn 800 " 334442444334443=53 

900 " 343424333443442=50 

1000 " 043423333343443=46=149 

Gen. T. S. Dakin 800 " 444333334344344=53 

900 " 324034334432334=45 

1000 " 044344303423340=41=139 

Grand total 934 

Irish Score : 

John Righy 800 yards. 333434334334444=52 

900 " 334444444344344=56 

1000 " 334443444443434=55=163 

James Wilson 800 " 434333434443444=54 

900 " 334333344433434=51 

1000 " 444444433443343=55=160 

Dr. J. B . Hamilton 800 " 444443444444434=58 

900 " 433344444443044=52 

1000 " 343333433443343=50=160 

J. K. Millner 800 " 343344444444444=57 

900 " 043444433424433=49 

1000 " 334343430333444=48=154 

Edmund Johnson 800 " 434233444333343=50 

900 " 232324443433444=49 

1000 " 434434443343323=51=150 

Capt. Phil. Walker 800 •' 034340343434443=46 

900 " 434434444434343=55 > 

1000 " 034344043333342=43=144 

Grand total 931 



Ireland vs» United States — Second match between Ireland and 
United States, shot at Dollymount, Ireland, June 29th, 1875. 
Shot with match rifles and on targets with square bullseyes. 



American Score : 

Col. Henry A. Gildersleeve 800 yards. 

900 
1000 " 



344443444434344=56 
444444433444343=56 
244433344334443=52=164 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



25 



Gen. Thos. S. Dakin 800 yards. 

900 
1000 

Col. Jolm Botiine 800 

900 
1000 

Major Henry Fulton 800 

900 
1000 
800 

900 
1000 

Capt. R. C. Coleman 800 

900 
1000 



George W. Yale 



443444444344444=58 

443433444444334=55 

344444433440344=52=165 

443444042443444=. 52 

444444444344444=59 

444343434422334=5 1=162 

344444444344444=58 

444434444444343=57 

334442043443440=46=161 

244434444444444=57 

234433343443444=52 

434343443332443=51=160 

433444444444343-56 

003344424444444=48 

333434434432444=52=156 



Grand total. 



Irish Score : 



James Wilson . 



, . 800 yards. 444433444444444=58 

900 " 334244333433344=50 

1000 " 444344444444323=55= 



Edmund Johnson. 



800 

900 
1000 

Dr. J. B. Hamilton 800 

900 
1000 

J. G. Pollock... 800 

900 
1000 

John M'Kenna 800 

900 
1000 

J. K. Millner 800 

900 
1000 



334444444444444=58 

344444444334333=54 

343344433333433=50=162 

344444443443344=56 

333434344444434=54 

334444434334404=51=161 

444444434444444=59 

434443442433443=53 

434344333344034=49=161 

034434444344344=52 

203344340344334=44 

444334433343344=53=149 

044443444444444=55 

004440300334444=37 

340443340304333=41=133 



Grand total 929 



Dominion of Canada vs« United States — Match between Dominion 
of Canada and Amateur Rifle Club, of New York, shot 
in 1875. 

Caxabian Score : 

George Murison 800 yards. 455534553545554=67 



J. J. Mason 



900 
1000 
..800 

900 
1000 



545422553335453=58 

455355244525555=64=189 

055444555535445=63 

533325553452344=56 

455455553343254=62=181 



26 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



D, Mitchell 800 yards, 532355582405533=53 

900 " 2544445553'o4555=65 

1000 " 440355555055553=59=177 

Wm. Mitchell 800 " 544452534344434=58 

900 " 552454443523533=57 

1000 " 345544453224354=57=172 

F. Schwarz 800 " 345354533455342=58 

900 " 444450033453553=52 

1000 " 450554553355245=60=170 

C.R.Murray 800 " 345345442543554=60 

900 " 344503254324354=51 

1000 " 333535333535544=57=168 

George Disher 800 " 253445543444435=59 

900 " 223330444445525=50 

1000 " 434533434235555=58=167 

James Adams 800 " 445443353502345=54 

900 " 423323255435522=50 

1000 " 535444344244334=56=rlfO 

Grand total 1384 

American Score : 

W. B. Farwell 800 yards. 555552544555455=69 

900 " 523544434455355=61 

1000 " 454454543453355=63=193 

A. V. Canfield, Jr 800 " 535545553445405=62 

900 " 535535455445555=68 

1000 " 335233553542455=57=187 

L.L. Hepburn 800 " 353445555245055=60 

900 " 404455555545443=62 

1000 " 454545553555052=62=184 

L.C.Bruce 800 " 554430445445552=59 

900 '' 554252453454554=63 

1000 " 355335553443544=61=183 

F.Hyde 800 " 254555535345545=65 

900 " 034545454344555=60 

1000 " 304553233445555=56=181 

H.S.Jewell 800 *' 455454245554254=63 

900 " 555003353554233=51 

1000 " 434545554356455=66=180 

J. S. Conlin . . ^ 800 " 3554324r3335533=51 

900 " 535504333533544=55 

1000 " 435540435334045=52=158 

L. Geiger 800 " 555003205534432=46 

900 " 322424524033454=47 

1000 " 250534544255303=50=143 

Grand total 1409 



Ireland vs. United States — Third International Rifle Match be- 
tween teams representing Ireland and the United States 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 27 

of America. Under the auspices o£ the Amateur Rifle 
Club, of New York. Shot at Creedmoor, L. I., September 
2ist, 1876. 

Irish Team. 

J. K. Millner 800 yards. 554455554354554=68 

900 " 554555455455555=72 

1000 " 555455455555035=66=206 

Henry Dyas 800 " 444353454555555=66 

900 " 554544555235345=64 

1000 " 555555355555550=68=193 

William Rigby 800 ' • 535553455455555=69 

900 " 352545543534553=61 

1000 " 335555355553555=67=197 

Lieut. George Fenton 800 " 543544555454553=66 

900 " 344334245535554=59 

1000 " 345544545544435=64=189 

Edmund Johnson 800 " 555455545543252=64 

900 " 355254533433435=57 

1000 " 354434545355553=63=184 

W.R.Joynt 800 " 325455455354533=61 

900 " 455353255434404=56 

1000 " 555254253445545=63=180 

Grand total 1154 



American Team. 

Gen. T. S. Dakin. . ^ .800 yards. 444555555555455=71 

900 " 555545434445445=67 

1000 " 555555355355545=70=208 

Ransom Rathlbone 800 " 554534555554454=68 

900 " 4555545*5055534=69 

1000 " 444=355354555555=67=204 

Isaac L.Allen 800 " 355545555535355=68 

900 " 405454334553554=59 

1000 " 554545555555455=72=199 

L.Weber 800 " 433455455553555=66 

900 " 555345534555545=68 

1000 " 535545555044455=64=1^^ 

Major Henry Fulton 800 " 445554554554555=70- 

900 " 355053345454233=54 

1000 " 434454553555555=67=191 

Lieut.-Col. W. B. Farwell 800 " 554550554455545=66 

900 " 555455454535554=69 

1000 " 300532005500340=30=165 

Grand total 1165 



28 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Centennial Trophy Match, J876— International Long Range 
Match, for the Championship of the World, open to rifle- 
men of all countries. 

First Centennial Trophy Match — 

conditions : 

Teams — Each team shall consist of eight men. Members 
of the various teams participating must be native born 
citizens, and residents of the countries they respectively 
represent, except in case of teams representing a provincial 
territory of a government, in which case a residence in the 
province will be sufficient, provided the member is a native 
born subject of the parent country. 

Rifles — Any, not exceeding ten pounds weight ; minimum 
pull of trigger, three pounds. 

Distances — 800, 900, and 1,000 yards. 

Number of Shots — Thirty at each range by each com- 
petitor. No sighting shots. Match to last two days. Com- 
petitors to fire fifteen shots at each distance upon each day, 
commencing at 800 yards. 

Position— Any, without artificial rest. 

Entrance Fee — None. 

Previous Practice— Competing teams shall be allowed the 
use of the range for one week previous to these matches, 
but on the days of this match, no person will be allowed to 
shoo: on the range at any of the distances prescribed herein, 
except as competitor. 

Captains of the competing teams shall elect two referees, 
and the referees so chosen shall appomt an umpire, whose 
decision in all cases shall be final. 

Prizes — An American Centennial Trophy. Such trophy 
to be shot for in each subsequent year, upon the same terms, 
in the country of the team holding it at such time and 
place as said team, or a majority thereof, shall prescribe. 
Each member of the winning team to receive a medal 
representing the trophy, and also the medal of the United 
States Centennial Commission. Each competitor in this 
match will receive a diploma issued by the United States 
Centennial Commission, 




-tl 



^» 




30 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Sights, targets, marking, and scoring in the foregoing 
matches to be according to the printed regulations of the 
National Rifle Association, of America, 



First contest was shot on the following days, 
13th and 14th, 1876. 

Detailed scores, first day, September 13th, 



September 



SCOTCH Team: 

R .McVittie 800 yards. 544555535555555=71 

900 " 545555554455554=71 

1000 " 355535454555555=67=209 

Wm. Thorburn 800 " 552552555345545=65 

900 " 545455445555545=70 

1000 " 445245545455555=67=202 

Dr. J. Mitchell 800 " 354545555355534=66 

900 " 454454455052555=62 

1000 " 555535555555555=73=201 

Wm. Clark 800 " 535555345535345=65 

900 " 553555544535545=68 

1000 " 555335555345354=65=198 

Peter Rae 800 *' 554455445555555=71 

900 •' 533545453354554=63 

1000 " 545555235253355=62=196 

D. Fraser 800 " 355553545554454=67 

900 " 55555555r535554=67 

1000 " 455534545544045=62=196 

Thorn as Whitelaw : . 800 ' * 555444534253555=64 

900' " 523545455545544=65 

1000 " 453554535533545=64=193 

Martin Boyd .' 800 " 543454444455555=66 

900 " 553344533544455=62 

1000 " 345555355053555=63=191 

» Grand total. 1586 

Irish Team : 

William Righy 800 yards. 555445555354455=69 

900 " 435553545555555=69 

1000 " 355535545554545=68=206 

Edmund Johnson 800 " 555555555555555=75 

900 '• 445355555554354=67 

1000 " 554545545540544=64=206 

J. K. Millner 800 " 354544555554553=67 

900 " 035555554455555=66 

1000 " 255555555545555=71=204 

Lieut. George Fenton 800 " 544345553553455=65 

900 " 335554545445554=66 

1000 " 355455455455455= 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia, 



31 



Lieut. A. Ward 800 yards. 

900 
1000 

W. G. D. Goff 800 

900 
1000 

Henry Dyas 800 

900 
1000 

W. R. Joynt » 800 

900 
1000 



253534553545555=64 

333454555535555=65 

435355554534455=65=194 

444534543455455=64 

355454553343454=62 

405553555555545=66=192 

454335554554545=66 

043355555555555=65 

334355550545545=61=192 

455535554443544=65 

434355544355554=64 

403534555353554=59=188 



Grand total 1582 

American Team : 
Gen. T. S. Dakin 800 yards. 



900 
1000 

L. Weber 800 

900 
1000 

Major Henry Fulton 800 

900 
1000 

Ransom Rathbone 800 

900 
1000 

Isaac L. Allen 800 

900 
1000 

Col. H. A. Gildersleeve 800 

900 
1000 

Lieut.-Col. W. B. Farwell 800 

900 
1000 

John Bodine 800 

900 
1000 



543555454555554=69 

534444455535554=65 

454553455555554=69=203 

554343555554555=68 

454454555555535=69 

354454445444555=65=202 

404555455455555=^6 

525455450555545=64 

550*55445555355=70=200 

4bod55543555455=70 

355345544454555=66 

353454354545454=63=199 

555545453355545=68 

425545554044555=62 

504555555455555=68=198 

' 355554535555555=70 

' 554454455355555=69 

334355553504550=55=194 

553455544555555=70 

553555445435454=66 

' 533555405345054=56=192 
443455545555555=69 

' 255255345554430=57 

355355455555044=63=189 

Grand total 1577 



Australian Team 
Capt. H. H. King 800 yards. 545554443555555= 



900 
1000 



Sergt. D. Gee 



Major J. T. Sleep. 



900 
1000 
..800 

900 
1000 



454544555544455=68 

545554555445454=69=206 

555535534443545=65 

455444455555355=68 

434555553555554=68=201 

435555455555553=69 

345554555545554=69 

533553554505544=61=195 



32 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



J. S. Lynch 800 yards. 245534554545455=65 

900 •' 535544555334553=64 

1000 " 345335454555555=66=195 

J. J. Slade 800 " 544435544454444=63 

900 '• 434553535555545=66 

lOOO " 454455454455433=64=193 

Capt. B. J. Wardill 800 " 455545545555455=71 

900 " 554325555550555=64 

1000 " 322550445535454=56=191 

Capt. J. M'G. Smith 800 " 455445555455553=69 

900 " 234554554545555=66 

1000 " 023235454545543=52=187 

Lieut. T. T. Draper 800 " 054553553344455=60 

900 " 854552322455554=59 

1000 " 035453545553403=54=173 

Grand total 1545 

Canadian Teaim : 

Lieut. J. Adams 800 yards. 255555553554555=69 

900 " 455444555245555=67 

1000 " 554455535445525=66=202 

A. Bell 800 " 543543535555445=65 

900 " 252525554455555=64 

1000 " 555454555555454=71=200 

Capt. J. J. Mason 800 " 344355245545545=63 

900 " 325455555444355=fi4 

1000 " 554525445505555=64=191 

3Ia]or J. M. Gibson 800 " 345354455455354=64 

900 " 335445555344054=59 

1000 " 353532354555355=61=184 

George Dishcr 800 " 455435555544503=62 

900 " 554553455335230=57 

1000 " 055545245445454=61=180 

G. Murison 800 " 433543555554445=64 

900 " 303434535553545=57 

1000 " 455445444533540=59=180 

William Cruit 800 " 555554435544454=67 

900 " 450344423554333=52' 

1000 " 353324535553535=59=178 

Major W. H. Cotton 800 " 434455445555545=67 

900 " 424245244435535=56 

1000 " 020035545455545=52=175 

Grand total 1490 

Detailed scores, second day, September 14th. 

American Teabi : 

Ransom Rathbone 800 yards. 545555335555550=65 

900 " 555455454555555=72 

1000 " 354455545354455=66=204 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



33 



Col. II. A. Gilclcrslccvo 800 yards. 555444534555554=68 

9U0 " 454244545354453=61 

1000 " 453555555554555=71=200 

CoL John Bodinc 800 " 454434554555444=65 

900 " 354555554553555=69 

1000 " 255355553545055=62=196 

Licut.-Col. W. B. Farwcll 800 " 454553355455555=68 

900 " 445305344555255=59 

1000 " 444555544445555=68=195 

L. Weber 800 " 452553555555355=67 

900 " 35555453R455354=61 

1000 " 453555355453355=65=193 

Isaac L. Allen 800 " 023555555555505=60 

900 " 55535544255555R=fi3 

1000 " 535385555353554=65=188 

Gen. T. S. Dakin 800 " 540455535555555=66 

900 " 454455555445535=68 

1000 " 330445355554305=54=188 

Major Henry Fulton 800 " 353545545545535=66 

900 " 553254335455535=62 

1000 ' ' 535053555554350=58=186 

Grand total 1549 

Irish Team: 

Lieut. George Fcnton 800 yards. 555355555325555=68 

900 " 355454454355523=62 

1000 " 534555545544555=69=199 

J. K. Millner 800 " 353444535455435=62 

900 " 242545555454452=61 

1000 " 555555555555555=75=198 

Henry Dyas 800 " 344545535455254=63 

900 " 555545553550325=62 

1000 " 555555554355554=71=196 

William Bi-by POO '• 335455354443554=62 

900 " 343355345455445=62 

1000 " 355545345445555=67=191 

Edmund Johnson 800 " 355545354244535=61 

900 " 555545242355444=62 

1000 " 554444545545454=67=190 

W. B. Joynt 800 " 355355255545552=64 

900 " 354535434455444=62 

1000 " 543543455535344=62=188 

Lieut. A. Ward 800 " 544355545535553=66 

900 " 332243555444532=54 

1000 " 535553453453555=65=185 

W. G. D. Gofl 800 " 332333334455555=56 

900 " 333445355545434=60 

1000 " 354443534444354=59=175 

Grand total 1522 



34 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Australian Team: 

J. J. Slade 800 yards. 355555555445455=70 

900 " 544435554545544=66 

1000 " 353555554555455=69=205 

Sergt. D. Gee 800 " 554535555555555=72 

900 " 242555454555452=62 

1000 " 045535355345555=62=196 

Capt. H. J. King 800 " 545435555454554=68 

900 " 443354545454344=61 

1 1000 " 435455445453550=61=190 

Capt. J. M'G. Smith 800 " 453235555552343=59 

i 900 " 555454555354435=67 

1000 " 455453544345534=63=189 

Lieut. T. T. Draper 800 " 335445545434435=61 

900 " 542534535453435=60 

1000 " 435544545455545=67=188 

J. S. Lynch 800 " 642553555045535=61 

900 " 325545555252554=62 

1000 " 445352454454555=64=187 

Major J. T. Sleep 800 " 523255545545554=64 

900 " 044453542555554=60 

1000 " 245435535543553=61=185 

Capt. B. J. Wardill 800 " 335455555345555=67 

900 " 350243524544555=56 

1000 " 335433453244443=54^177 

Grand total 1517 

Scotch Team: 

Martin Boyd 800 yards. 543554435545455=66 

900 " 332553454542554=59 

1000 " 555455555553455=71=196 

Wm. Thorhurn 800 " 555555455554555=73 

900 " 545353455234540=57 

1000 " 354453555435535=64=194 

1 Wm. Clark 800 " 453555535455355=67 

' 900 " 354434334535555=61 

^ 1000 " 344343535555535=62=190 

\ R. McVittie 800 " 534455454504435=60 ' 

900 " 643553333435555=61 

1000 " 344343535555535=62=183 

D. Eraser 800 " 545455554555445=70 

900 " 255442533525455=59 

1000 " 233440553245455=54=183 

Peter Rae 800 " 454453055445535=61 

900 " 344435555433355=61 

1000 " 345354545333535=60=182 

Thomas Whitelaw 800 " 445455544524455=65 

900 " 342545443544433^=57 

1000 " 445343345444535=60=182 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



35 



Dr. J. MitcheU 800 yards. 354533545545435=63 

900 " 040343555330453=47 

1000 " 550445553453540=57=167 

Grand total 1477 

Canadia:^ Team : 

Lieut. J. Adams 800 yards. 455455544454453=66 

900 ♦' 335354555242554=60 

1000 " 554532534544555=64=190 

Major W. H. Cotton 800 " 544555353554445=66 

900 " 432354543455535=60 

1000 " 455534304355455=60=186 

A.Bell 800 " 554555344533453=63 

900 " 554530424455542=57 

1000 " 345445545545244=63=183 

Maior J. M. Gibson 800 " 545354555553555=69 

900 " 424R53555325335=54 

1000 " 254355542535345=60=183 

G. Murison 800 " 325542255255454=58 

900 " 555435535534553=65 

1000 " 534445430345555=59=182 

Capt. J. J. IHason 800 " 445350544555425=60 

900 " 555555240244553=59 

1000 " 355455544350535=61=180 

WUliam Cruit 800 " 333535452553324=55 

900 " 334353353543544=57 

1000 " 553344433025454=54=166 

George Disher 800 " 344344533345343=55 

900 " 244453345235225=53 

1000 " 552024454445353=55=163 

Grand total 1483 



Second Centennial Trophy Match — Shot September isth 
and 14th, 1877. First day, September 13th. 

AMERiCAJf Team: 

Charles E. Blydenburgh 800 yards. 545555555555555=74 

900 " 555535554453535=67 

1000 " 555545455545555=72=213 

Magor Herbert S. Jewell 800 " 555555555344555=71 

900 " 343554545555544=66 

1000 " 555554555535555=72=209 

Frank Hyde 800 " 454555555455455=71 

900 " 444555555555535=70 

1000 " 455055555555554=68=209 

Isaac L.AUen 800 " 345555555455555=71 

900 " 334345555555554=66 

1000 " 543555555454455=69=206 



36 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Lawrence Welber 800 yards. 

900 
1000 

Leslie C. Bruce 800 

900 

1000 

Capt. Wm. H. Jackson 800 



900 
1000 



Gen. Thomas S. Dakin 



900 
1000 



British Team: 



353455555555545=69 
555545555545555=73 
353544555345553=64=206 
345555554555554=70 

' 554555554555555=73 

253545545544354=63=206 

* 555555554455533=69 
435544545555555=69 

' 555545555405544=66=204 
455555555555554=73 
344545553435355=63 

' 545444453535555=66=203 

Grand total 1655 



J. K. Millner 800 yards. 

900 " 

1000 " 

William Rlgby 800 '• 

900 " 

1000 " 

Henry S.W. Evans 800 " 

900 " 

1000 " 

William Ferguson 800 " 

900 " 

1000 " 

Sir Henry Halford 800 " 

900 " 

1000 " 

Lieut. George Fenton 800 " 

900 " 

1000 " 

Lieut.-Col. James Fenton 800 ". 

900 " 

1000 " 



Alfred P. Humphrey. 



..800 

900 

1000 



353444535455435=62 

533455555555555=70 

505555555545454=67=209 

555555555535555=73 

544533455544545=65 

544355355555555=69=207 

535545555545555=71 

555445345555555=70 

355533545555445=66=207 

555445554555555=72 

524355554555554=67 

555553545453544=67=206 

445455555555455=71 

555555033453555=63 

555555554554553=71=205 

344452554455555=65 

454554445555555=70 

545455555445553=69=204 

535455554555555=71 

445552344554444=62 

345534454555445=65=198 

053554355355555=63 

355555555545355=70 

455044504545555=60=193 



Grand total 1629 



Second day, September 14th. 



American Teaivi 
Leslie C. Bruce 800 yards. 555555555455555=74 



Charles E. Blydenhurgh 



900 
1000 
..800 

900 
1000 



555554445555555=72 

555544555555555=73=219 

555555555545554=73 

555545555554545=72 

555555555453545=71=216 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



37 



Lawrence Weber 800 yards. 

900 
1000 



Isaac L. Allen 


800 ' 

900 " 
1000 " 


445555455535555=70 
555555555555454=73 
555545454555355—70—213 


Major Herbert S. Jewell 


800 " 

900 " 
1000 •' 


555545555455554=72 
454455505454555=65 
545554555555555=73=210 


Frank Hyde 


800 " 

900 
1000 " 


454555455555555=72 
445553355555455=68 
454453455554543=65=205 


Capt. William H. Jackson 


800 " 

900 " 
1000 " 


455455554545455=70 
445444455554355=66 
454555555445344=67=203 



Gen. Thomas S. Dakin 800 

900 
1000 



555545555555555=74 
554455555535555=71 
353555545555555=70=215 



455454455555545=70 
545545543554445=67 
455535545450335=61= 



Grand total 1679 



British Team: 



Sir Henry Halford 800 yards 

900 " 
1000 " 



Henry S. W. Evans. 



800 

900 
lUOO 

Lieut. George Fenton= FOO 

900 
1000 

William Rigby 800 

900 
1000 

Licut.-Col. James Fenton 800 

900 
1000 

William Ferguson. . . ; 800 

900 
1000 

J. K. Millner 800 

900 
1000 

Alfred P. Humphrey 800 

900 
1000 



555555355555455=72 
534554545554555=69 
245555555555505=66=207 

554555535555555=72 
454355445545455=67 
454445554445445=66=205 

554435535555555=69 
452554555525543=64 
554555535555454=70=203 

555555545455455=72 
555444354555555=69 
045345545454545=62=203 

355455555554455=70 
545532455553555=66 
335535554545545=66=202 

645555435555455=70 
554544555335545=67 
430453545555555=63=200 

544545455554555=70 
453555555555450=66 
545430545454545- 62=198 

354335554545544=64 
545543535554555=68 
545454034555435=63=195 



Grand total X6X3 



38 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Third Centennial Trophy Match — Shot September 25th and 
26th, 1878. Shot and won by the Americans. No other 
competitors. First day, September 25th. 

J. S. Sumner 800 yards. 555555555555555=75 

900 " 555545555555555=74 

1000 " 555555554555544=72=221 

■W.H.Jackson... 800 " 545555555555555=74 

900 " 555455354555545=70 

1000 " 555555535555555=73=217 

H.F.Clark 800 «' 555555555545554=73 

900 " 855545555555555=72 

1000 " 345455555555555=71=216 

J.F.Brown 800 " 554555555554355=69 

900 " 444535554555545=68 

1000 " 555554554555555=73=210 

H.T. Rockwell 800 " 555542544455554=67 

900 " 535455545555554=70 

1000 " 553545555454554=69=206 

William Gerrish 800 " 445554544555535=68 

900 " 455443545455555=68 

1000 " 555455554544355=69=205 

R. Rathbone 800 " 554555545345555=70 

900 " 555554453554545=69 

1000 " 454055055444455=59=198 

C. E. Dwlght 800 " 555545450555554=67 

900 " 255505355554445=62 

1000 " 504555554404444=58=187 

Grand total 1660 

Second day, September 26th. 

W. H. Jackson 800 yards. 555555555555555=75 

900 " 555355354555455=69 

1000 " 555555555345555=72=216 

H.F.Clark 800 " 555555555555555=75 

900 " 554545555555545=72 

1000 " 355545555555552=69=216 

J.F.Brown 800 " 455555455555555=73 

900 " 335555454555555=69 

1000 " 454544545545554=68=210 

J. S. Sumner 800 " 545555555555545=73 

900 " 444555455545555=70 

1000 " 534555344455554=66=209 

R. Rathbone 800 " 355555555555555=73 

900 " 454334455345554=63 

1000 " 545543555453553=66=202 

William Gerrisll 8OO " 355435555455555=69 

900 " 553534544555555=68 

1000 " 455453325534053=56=193 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



39 



O. E. Dwiglit 800 yards. 355555555555555=73 

900 " 455244535555545=66 

1000 " 435554455335* =51=190 

H. T. Rockwell 800 " 555555555455455=73 

900 " 554335554445555=67 

1000 " 0* =140 

Grand total 1576 



United States vs. Canada, J880— Amateur Rifle Club, of New 
York, vs. Victoria Rifle Club, of Ontario, Canada. Shot 
at Creedmoor, L. I., N. Y., August i4tli, i88o. (Third con- 
test shot with match rifles). Scores: 

Canadian Team : 

J. M. Gibson 800 yards. 555553555555555=73 

900 " 445555535554555=70 

1000 " 435555455545435=67=210 

Albert Pain 800 " 555455555555335=70 

900 " 555555555545555=74 

1000 " 544555554555540=66=210 

Dr. McLaugMln 800 " 455555555555555=74 

900 " 354455235555545=65 

1000 " 544545555453555=69=208 

Jos. Mason 800 " 555554555555555=74 

900 " 455335534553554=64 

1000 " 455555554433455=67=205 

F. Schwarz 800 " 545554543555545=69 

900 " 455335555534455=66 

1000 " 455454535545555=69=204 

Wm. Mitchell 800 " 455455445544535=67 

900 " 453535555545554=68 

1000 " 455853454543445=63=198 

Grandtotal 1235 

American Team: 

J. P. Waters v 800 yards. 555555555555554=74 

900 " 355555555455445=70 

1000 " 555555545555554=73=217 

H.S.Jewell 800 " 554555555555545=73 

900 " 555535554554554=70 

1000 " 555545555555454=72=215 

L.Weber 800 " 545555555555555=74 

900 " 545555555555435=71 

1000 " 455543553555555=69=214 

R. Rathbone 800 " 455555555555555=74 

900 " 454554354554455=67 
1000 " 455545555455555=72=213 

*Too dark to shoot more. 



40 



American Rifleman^'s Encyclopedia. 



L. L. Hei)l)urn. 
I. L. AUen 



900 
1000 
..800 

900 
1000 



yards. 553555545555555^72 
454545555535455=69 
504455545554555^:66 =207 
' 455555555554455=72 

545555545443555=69 
554555455555305=66=207 

Grand total 1273 



Ireland vs» United States, J 880 — Match between Ireland and 
America, shot at Dollymount, Ireland, June 2gth, i88o, with 
match rifles. Scores: 

IKISH TKA]\r: 



Lieut.-Col. Fenton 


800 yards. 


555555555555555—75 




900 *' 
1000 " 


544555445555545=70 
555555455553555=72=2 17 


J. R. Joynt 


800 " 

900 " 
1000 " 


554555545555555—73 
455545555553555=71 
555455555554455=72=216 


Major S. S . Young 


800 " 

900 " 
1000 " 


545555564555555=73 
554555555555555=74 
554445445555554=69=216 


J, K. Millner 


800 " 


555555555555555—75 




900 " 
1000 " 


454455545545555=70 
305555545555555=67 =212 


W. Rigby 


800 " 

900 " 
1000 " 


555555555344555=71 
555554555555435=71 
455545555554533=68=210 


J. Rigby 


800 '• 

900 " 
1000 " 


354555555543555=69 
555554355555555=72 
455433554555555=68=209 



Grand total 1280 



AjviERiCAJsr Team ; 



Col. H. F. Clark 


....SOOyar 


ds. 455554555555555—73 


Dr. S. I.Scott 

H. Ratlibone 


9U0 " 
1000 " 

800 " 

900 " 

1000 I' 

800 " 


555555555555555:=75 

5555555445555S5— 71— 219 

555555555555555—75 

355545555544455=69 

555555555555455=74^218 

554545454555554=70 


W. M. Farrow 


900 •' 

1000 «' 

800 " 


555,555555555555—75 

555544454555554—70—215 

555555554555555=74 


H. Fisher 


900 " 

1000 " 

800 " 


554555555455355=71 

554454554545455=69=214 

555455555555453—71 




900 " 
1000 " 


555555555544555=73 
543554555555535=69=213 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



41 



J. F. Brown 800 yards. 5.55555555554545=73 

. 900 " 455555555554555=73 

1000 " 555535424555455=67=213 

Grand total 1292 



State of Massachusetts, U. S. vs. England, J889— In 1889 a team 
of riflemen made tip from the Massachusetts V.olunteer 
Militia visited England, and contested against teams from 
different military organizations. The Massachusetts team 
used the U. S. Springfield rifle and Government ammunition ; 
the Englishmen used the English Government arm and 
ammunition. The results. 

First Match, July ist, 1889, at Nunhead range, England. 
Massachusetts Team. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Lieut. S. S. Bumstead 4555545= 33 5445555= 33 2353523= 23= 89 

Sergt. M. W. Bull 4344454= 28 4535455= 31 5255444= 29= 88 

Corp. W. G. Huddleson 5544444= 30 5525554= 31 5434353= 27= 88 

PriY. W. M. Farrow 4454554=31 5434455=30 3542534=26= 87 

Sergt.-Maj. W. M. Merrill 4444554= 30 5555255= 32 2352544= 25= 87 

Priv. F. R. Bull 5455444= 31 5455544= 32 3345432= 24= 87 

Sergt. George Doyle 4444444= 28 5555555= 35 3332535= 23= 86 

Major 0. W. Hinman 4445544= 30 4535253= 27 2255543= 26= 83 

Priv. L. T. Farnswortli 3454344= 27 5554452= 30 5423344= 25= 82 

Lieut. R. B. Edes 4434443= 26 2555254= 28 5255323= 26= 80 

Sergt. W. C. Johnston, Jr...... 5544454= 31 5455452= 30 3225025= 19= 80 

Lieut. W. G. Hussey 5444444= 29 5432525= 26 4445024= 23= 78 

Total, 354 365 296 1015 



Honorable Artillery Company. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Priv. Gilbert 4523535= 27 4544555= 32 5453555= 32= 91 

Sergt. Wood .4544445= 30 4445454= 30 4455543= 30= 90 

Sergt. I. M. Wace 2444524= 25 5554453= 31 5455352= 29= 85 

Priv. Rosenthal 4234344= 24 5453255= 29 2554545= 30= 83 

Capt. Bateman 4343344= 25 5555444= 32 5232445= 25= 82 

Major Mundy 5445554= 32 5535345= 30 0255224= 20= 82 

Priv. Horn er 4234542= 24 5355553= 31 5404552= 25= 80 

Priv. Angel 5323543=25 5454524=29 5252532=24= 78 

Sergt. S. Brooking 4334454= 27 2252445= 24 5254550= 24= 75 

Priv. Parker 4434444= 27 3555353= 29 3220550= 17= 73 

Lieut. Gibson 2553344= 26 2250344= 20 3525055= 25= 71 

Priv. Payne 2444423= 23 4243524= 24 425 1504= 24= 71 

Total, 315 341 305 961 



42 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



Second Match, July 2nd, 1889, at Churn, England. 
Massachusetts Teajvi. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Sergt. George Doyle 4354444=28 5555555=35 5555545=34= 97 

Major C. W. Hinman 4554344= 29 4355555= 32 5455545= 33= 94 

Sergt. M. W. Bull 4545455= 32 4454554= 31 5553255= 30= 93 

Lieut. S. S. Bum stead 4554545=32 2555535=32 5543435=29= 93 

Lieut. W. G. Hussey 4423544= 26 5455455= 33 5455355= 32= 91 

Priv. W. M. Farrow 4455554= 31 5445454= 31 5444335= 28= 90 

Priv, F. R. Bull 3544054= 25 5355454= 31 5355554= 32= 88 

Sergt.-Maj. W. M. Merrill 4444435= 28 4555455= 33 2255535= 27= 88 

Prif. L. T. Farnsworth 4344404= 23 5544555= 33 3344554= 28= 84 

Sergt. W. C. Johnston, Jr 3344445= 27 5424554= 29 5255344= 28= 84 

Lieut. R. B. Edes 3444443= 26 5435434= 28 3333555= 27= 81 

Corp. W. G. Huddleson 4454452= 28 5533425= 27 2445434= 26= 81 

Total, 335 375 354 1064 

Royal Berkshire Regiment. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Priv. Fidler 4544545= 31 2545455= 30 5245454= 29= 90 

Priv. Warwick 4355434= 28 5555555= 35 3534245= 26= 89 

Priv. Marks 3245443= 25 5555355= 33 4455524= 29= 87 

Priv. Linders 4444544= 29 4545335= 29 3255535= 28= 86 

Sergt. Kemp 2433444= 24 5455555= 34 3344445= 27= 85 

Sergt. Howe 4335423= 24 3225555= 30 3455544= 30= 84 

Corp. Green 4544444= 29 5355222= 24 4544453= 29= 82 

,Corp. Ferris 3244234= 22 4555345= 31 5533354= 28= 81 

Priv. Morris 4344234= 24 2333525= 23 5254555= 32= 79 

Sergt. Moore 3334444= 25 5345355= 30 3423522= 21= 76 

Sergt. Deacon 4443320= 20 2234545= 25 3524352= 24= 69 

Sergt. McDonald 0423404= 17 2352454= 25 5422324= 22= 64 

Total, 298 349 326 972 

Third Match, July 3rd, 18S9, at Raynham, England. 

Massachusetts Teajm. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Lieut. S. S. Bumstead 5444545= 31 5555555= 35 4555555= 34= 400 

Corp. W. G. Huddleson 4544545= 31 5455545= 33 5545554= 33= 97 

Sergt. George Doyle 4444435= 28 5555555= 35 5355545= 32= 95 

Major C. W. Hinraan 4455545= 32 5454555= 33 4554453= 30= 95 

Sergt.-Maj. W. M. Merrill 4443544= 28 5545455= 33 5555435= 32= 93 

Priv. W. M. Farrow 4435444= 28 5535554= 32 4555453= 31= 91 

Sergt. M. W. Bull 4434545= 29 5555553= 33 3535454= 29= 91 

Sergt. W. C. Johnston, Jr 4444544= 29 5544455= 32 4452533= 26= 87 

Priv. F. R. Bull 5454454= 31 5454545= 32 2224445= 23= 86 

Priv. L. T. Farnsworth 4432445= 26 5555244= 30 0544555= 28= 84 

Lieut. W. G. Hussey 3443545= 28 4545554= 32 4440534= 24= 84 

Lieut. R. B. Edes 2444444= 26 5*445435= 30 5355232= 25= 81 

Total, 347 390 347 1084 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



43 



London Rifle Brigade. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Corp. Elkington 5845554= 31 5455345= 31 3355535= 29= 91 

Priv. Ashby 2434434= 24 5445555= 33 3554555= 32= 89 

Priv. Lock 4444243= 25 3254555= 29 5554555= 34= 88 

Priv. Mardell 5353453= 28 5355355= 31 4553444= 29= 88 

Sergt. A. Preston 3344533= 25 4553455= 31 5555434= 31= 87 

Priv. Lattey 44 55444= 30 5435554= 31 5445224= 26= 87 

Priv. Siegert 4344334= 25 5553455= 32 3535354= 28= 85 

E arl Waldgrave 4544455= 31 4334554= 28 5245343= 26= 85 

Sergt. Desmond 3442343= 23 4445454= 30 3455545= 31= 84 

Color-Sergt. Taylor 4442443= 25 3455345= 29 5543532= 27= 81 i 

Priv. Keliher 3234533= 23 2445554= 29 3434822= 21= 73 '^ 

Sergt. Lintott 2444434= 25 3023334= 18 4544423= 26= 69 

Total, 315 352 " 340 1007 

Fourth Match, July 4th, 1889, at Brighton, England. 

Massachusetts Team. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Lieut. W. G. Hussey 4444345= 28 5854555= 32 5444555= 32= 92 

Lieut. R. B. Edes 4444454= 29 5235555= 30 2555545= 31= 90 

Sergt. M. W. Bull 4343434= 25 5454455= 32 4525535= 29= 86 

Priv. W. M. Farrow 4455444= 30 4544555= 32 4430355= 24= 86 

Major C. W. Hinman 2535433= 25 4545355= 31 3555254= 29= 85 

Priv. F. R. Bull 4542435= 27 3553553= 29 3535524= 27= 83 

Corp. W. G-. Huddleson 4444554= 30 3534554= 29 2432425= 22= 81 

Priv. L. T. Earns worth 3444043= 22 4455535= 31 2525453= 26= 79 

Lieut. S. S. Bumstead 4454334= 27 2344535= 26 4254335= 26= 79 

Sergt. George Doyle 3434345=26 5232442=22 3355554=30= 78 

Sergt.-Maj. W. M. Merrill 4345342= 25 5455505= 29 2452423= 22= 76 

Sergt. W. C. Johnston, Jr 4343422= 22 3542055= 24 3553542= 27= 73 

Total, 316 347 325 988 



. Sussex Team. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Sergt. Leggett 5344454= 29 4555554= 33 4034354= 23= 85 

Priv. Tisdale 33455243* 26 5553233= 26 4544524= 28= bO 

Corp, Brown .-. . . .4544433= 27 3552 ■)34= 25 5555323= 28= 80 

Priv. FO Wler 5443443= 27 5553435= 30 4203455= 23= 80 

Capt. Curtis 4445453= 29 2555435= 29 0333354= 21= 79 

Priv. Barr 4445545= 31 3520343= 20 54454r5= 27= 78 

Qr.-Mtr. Liley 5523455= 29 4554542= 29 2243225= 20= 78 

Priv. Gates .4244443= 25 3454243= 25 5323433= 23= 73 

Sergt. Donovan 3443444= 26 4543522= 25 5235232= 22= 73 

Corp. Kirk 3553354=28 3324343=22 3404442=21= 71 

Major Livesay 4404435= 24 4422444= 24 5224043= 20= 68 

Priv. Milton 5444424= 27 3045345= 24 2224220= 1 4= 65 

Total, 3ga m 270 no 



44 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Fifth Match, July 5th, i88g, at Nunhead, England. 
Massachusetts Rifle Team. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Major C. W. Hinman 5454445= 31 444545d= 30 5555555= 35= 96 

Sergt. M. W. Bull 5455545= 33 2455554= 30 5255555= 32= 95 

Priv. L. T. Farns worth 5445445= 31 5455545= 33 4544552= 29= 93 

Lieut. R. B. Edes 5335455= 30 4455555= 33 3355543= 28= 91 

Lieut. S. S. Bumstead 4444454= 29 4535454= 39 4355545= 31= 90 

Sergt.-Maj. W. M. Merrill 4443345= 27 4545555= 33 5544434= 29= 89 

Sergt. George Doyle 5454455= 32 4345555= 31 3525352= 25= 88 

Priv. F. R. Bull 5444444= 29 5555555= 35 2325543= 24= 88 

Priv. W. M. Farrow 4454444= 29 2345455= 28 3355544= 29= 86 

Lieut. W. G. Hussey 4544444= 29 4455455= 32 2054554= 25= 86 

Corp. W. D. Huddleson 5555544= 33 5225555= 29 2344434= 24= 86 

Sergt. W. C. Jolinston, Jr 3444444= 29 5434552= 28 4352542= 25= 80 

Total, 362 372 336 1068 
South London Rifle Team. 

200 yds. 500 yds. 600 yds. 

Lieut. Craig 5444444= 29 4555555= 34 5455553= 32= 95 

Sergt. Trask 4455534= 30 5555355= 33 2253555= 27= 90 

Major McKerrell 4345545= 30 4444545= 30 5542444= 28= 88 

Bd.-Mtr. Heath 5544444=30 5555553=33 5432452=25= 88 

Corp. Smith 3444444= 27 4555542= 30 5554443= 30= 87 

Priv. Coleman 4444544= 29 4445535= 30 5255353= 28= 87 

Priv. Wells 4444454=29 4455544=31 5533334=26= 86 

Priv. Deerfleld 4443334= 25 4355544= 30 4554435= 30= 85 

Priv. Foster 4443453 = 27 5534354=29 4433552=26= 82 

Priv. Lowe 4454444= 27 5334535= 28 3442344= 24= 81 

Priv. Tuke ....2243424=21 4354455=30 4345444=28= 79 

Corp. Rose 5444243= 26 4444455= 30 3523035= 21= 77 

Total, 332 368 325 1025 



France vs. United States, J900— 

Franco-American Revolver Match, shot at Paris, France 
and Greenville, N. J., June i6th and i8th, igoo. Each team 
on its home range. 

CONDITIONS OF THE MATCH. 
article I. 
A grand Franco-American international revolver match to 
take place on some day to be mutually agreed upon, between 
June 7 and 20, 1900. 

article II. 
Each nation shall choose, accord'ng to its own methods, a 
team of ten shots and three substitutes, all of whom shall be 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 45 

citizens of the countries they represent. Names shall be pub- 
lished by cable twenty-four hours before date of match. 

article III. 

The American team designates the Standard American tar- 
get, with eight-inch bullseye, to be shot at a distance of fifty 
yards. The place where the American team will shoot will 
be designated on or before June i, 1900. The French team 
adopt a distance of sixteen metres and the Gastinne-Renette 
target. It will shoot at this distance in the gallery in the 
Avenue d'Antin, in Paris, with the gallery ammunition. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Each contestant shall shoot standing, free from any artificial 
support. The revolver shall be held in one hand only, with 
arm extended free from body, and unsupported in any way. 
Cleaning to be allowed between each series of six shots. All 
discharges in which the bullet leaves the barrel shall be scored 
as shots. 

ARTICLE V. 

Each side Is at liberty to choose its own style of revolver, 
method of scoring, weight of trigger pull and style of ammuni- 
tion (except for the restriction in Article III, binding on the 
French team). 

ARTICLE VI. 

The. members of the team chosen will on the date selected 
as above, between June 7 and 20, in their respective countries, 
shoot five targets of six shots each at the two distances chosen, 
the targets having been previously certified and signed. Points 
will be counted according to the custom of each country on 
the style of target chosen by it. 

, ARTICLE VII. 

Any of the American team who may be in France at the 
time of the match will be allowed to shoot their strings in the 
places chosen by the French team, and members of the French 
team who may be in the United States at the time of the 
match will be allowed a similar privilege. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Each country will choose one or more umpires — as far as 
possible of the opposing nationality — to be present at the match 
and decide all questions. 



46 American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia, 



ARTICLE IX. 

The international' prizes will be awarded to tftie team making 
the greatest number of points in the aggregate of shots. In- 
dividual prizes will be awarded as follows : 

Division of Prizes. — Grand championship prize for mem- 
bers of the teams making the highest score on their two best 
targets, one at each distance. 

Long range prize for the best targets at long range. 

Short range prize for the best targets at short range. 

Prize for general excellence for the shooter making the 
highest score in the aggregate of ten strings. 

The winner of the grand championship prize will not be 
awarded any other prize ; but his name will be published, with 
his score in each class. 

ARTICLE X. 

The ten members of the teams will pay an entrance of 50 
francs, or $10 apiece. 

ARTICLE XI. 

An international committee, composed of an equal number 
of Frenchmen and Americans, will distribute the prizes in 
each class. 

ARTICLE XII. 

The French team shall send to the American team one hun- 
dred of the targets it has selected for one-half the match. The 
American team shall send to the French team the same num- 
ber of the targets it has selected for one-half the match. 
One-half of these targets shall be used for the match. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

Ties to be decided by the system adopted by the United 
States Army regulations governing competitions. 

Individual and Team Scores. 

The following are the complete scores of both teams on the 
two targets: 

Oa Frencli OnAmericiii Grand 

American Team: Target. Target. Total. 

J. A. Dietz, Jr 2G3 2G0 523 

W.E. Petty 259 252 511 

R. H. Sayre 253 251 504 

B.F. Wilder 239 263 502 

G. W. Waterliouse 253 246 499 

L. R. Piercy 244 241 485 

W. G. Hudson 222 250 472 

J. B. Crabtree 225 244 469 

W.A.Smith 224 240 464 

A. L. A. Himmelwrlght 228=2410 232=2479 460=4889 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 47 

On French. On American Grand 

French Team : Target. Target. Total. 

M. Dutfoy 244 253 497 

Comte de ChaTjannes 240 250 490 

M.M.Faure 241 248 489 

Paul Gastlnne 238 251 489 

Comte Clary 24? 241 488 

Capt. Chauchat 243 241 484 

Com. Dilsclineider 236 242 478 

P. Moreau 239 236 475 

M.Trinlte 233 239 472 

M. Labbe 226=2387 240=2441 466=4828 

Americans led t»y 23 38 61 



Centennial Trophy Match, J900— In igoo this match was revived 

and the conditions changed from match rifle to military rifle. 

The new conditions are as follows : 

Teams. — Each team shall consist of eight rrien. Members of 
the various teams participating must be native-born citizens 
and residents of the countries they respectively represent, ex- 
cept in the case of teams representing a provincial territory 
of a government, in which case a residence in the province 
will be sufficient, provided the member is a native-born sub- 
ject of the parent country. 

Rifles. — Any military. Minim_um pull of trigger, 4}i pounds. 

Distances. — 8oo, 900 and 1,000 yards. 

Number of Shots. — Thirty at each range by ea^h competitor. 
Match to last two days. 

Position. — Any, without artificial rest. 

Entrance Fee. — $2.00 per man. 

Previous Practice. — Competing teams shall be allowed the 
use of the range for one week previous to the match, but on 
the days of this match no person will be allowed to shoot on 
the range at any of the distances prescribed herein, except as 
a competitor. 

Prize. — An American Centennial Trophy. Such trophy to 
be shot for in each subsequent year, upon the same terms, in 
the country of the team holding it, at such time and place as 
said team or majority thereof shall prescribe. 

Sights, targets, marking and scoring in the foregoing match 
to be according to the printed Regulations of the New Jersey 
State Rifle Association, and the Firing Regulations for Small 
Arms of the United States Army. 



48 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

The American team of eight men and two alternates will 
be made up from the state teams on the grounds, and will 
be selected from the ten men making the best average in the 
Hilton and Inter-State matches. 

The captain of the team will be elected by the members and 
alternates. 

The first match under the new conditions was shot at Sea 
Girt, N. J., Sept. 7-8, 1900, by a team representing the United 
States of America without opposition. The scores : 

For the championship of the world ; open to riflemen of all 
countries ; each team to consist of eight men ; any military 
rifle; minimum pull of trigger, 4.^/^ pounds; 800, 900, and 1,000 
yard.s ; thirty shots at each range by each competitor ; any 
position without artificial rest. Prize, American Centennial 
Trophy. 

800 yds. 900 yds. 1000 yds. 

Priv. W. G. Hudson, 4th Reg't, N. J 136 110 112=358 

(Japt. W. F. Wliittemore, 4th Reg't, N. J 125 127 115= 367 

Corp. H. Danbe, 71st Reg't, N. Y 129 80 69=278 

Sergt. B. B. McAlpin, 7th Reg't, N. Y 133 131 110=374 

Lieut. William Martin, 3d Reg't, N. J 130 134 113=377 

Priv. C. McC. Taylor, 6th Batt., D. C 128 114 105=347 

Priv. J. M. Stewart, 6th Batt, D. C 119 101 113=333 

Capt. C. H, Springstead, 4th Batt., N. J 108 116 97= 321 

Team totals, 1008 913 834 2755 



Ireland vs. America, J90J — Challenge match between teams 
representing the Ulster Rifle Association, of Belfast, Ire- 
land, and the New Jersey State Rifle Association ; teams of 
five to eight men, fifteen shots per man, at 800, 900, and 
1,000 yards; any rifle not exceeding 10 pounds in weight, 
with not less than a 3-pound trigger-pull, and with a maxi- 
mum caliber of .315 ; any sights, with the exception of tele- 
scopic; any ammunition and any position; use of gun sling 
allowed. Shot with small bore rifles and smokeless powder. 
Date of contest, September 6th, 1901. 

Ulster Rifle Association Team : 

Dr. J. C. Sellers 800 yards. 555555555555555=75 

900 " 545554554553555=73 

1000 " 544555545553544=68 

Major J. K. Millner 800 " 054545445554554=64 

900 " 455455554555555=72 

1000 " 555554555555434=70 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



49 



John Morgan 800 yards. 500555554545555=63 

900 " 453554455443454=64 

1000 " 543554055454455=63 

F. W. Henry 800 " 545455554555554 =71 

900 " 455555545555555=73 

1000 '* 504503544533545=55 

W. F. Braithwaite 800 " 345555545555555=71 

900 " 555405555555553=61 

1000 •' 443554455455453=65 

J. Caldwell 800 " 555555555555544=73 

900 " 355355555345453=65 

1000 " 440355045555555=60 

Ernest Duncan 800 " 553435355545555=67 

900 " 355545545534554=67 

1000 " 535555344455304=60 

P. W. Ricliardson 800 " 455555555555555=74 

900 " 554554455555545=71 

1000 " 554555554554555=72 

Team totals— 800 yards, 558; 900 yards, 549 ; 1000 yards, 513 : errand 
total, 1620. 

New Jersey State Rifle Association Team: 

S. I. Scott 800 yards. 445444545555554=68 

900 " 530034554435555=56 

1000 " 555353435055445=61 

S. B. Wetherald 800 " 554554555534254=66 

900 " 455554555555454=71 

1000 " 544545353553550=61 

FrankHyde 800 " 545545555555555=73 

900 " 553555553455555=70 

1000 " 430445555555555=60 

W. G. Hudson 800 " 454554543555545=68 

900 " 450435455555555=65 

1000 " 554335545334555=64 

W. deV. Foulke 800 " 5555555.')5555544=73 

900 " 555553555045435=64 

1000 " 545555040353345=58 

W. H. H. Bull 800 " 555555555545553=72 

900 " 545554434533454=63 

1000 " 535550345554445=62 

H. Tuttle 800 " 553555555545555=72 

900 " 552545044434555=58 

1000 " 444545444454525=63 

W. F. Whlttemore .800 " 545555555434553=68 

900 •' 555455555055554=68 

1000 " 445545455305050=54 

Team totals— 800 yards, 560 ; 900 yards, 515 ; 1000 yards, 483 ; grand 
total, 1558. 



50 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Centennial Trophy Match, t90I— Shot at Sea Girt, N. J., Sep- 
tember 5th, 1901. Conditions the same as in 1900, excepting 
the number of shots being changed from 30 to 1 5 a man, and 
the shooting done in one day instead of two. 

Canadian Teaim : 

W. L. Ross 800 yards. 555555352555435=67 

900 '• 244545444455444=62 

1000 " 305530355544554=56 

R. J. Davidson 800 " 555553553455555=70 

900 " 544454545545545=68 

1000 " 234534355555555=64 

E. Skadden" 800 " 544444543552454=62 

900 " 555254555535354=66 

1000 " 444555335523553=61 

R.A.Robertson 800 " 555544555555435=70 

900 " 534554445450545=62 

1000 " 235554333555333=07 

Duff Stuart 800 " 355455254545555=67 

900 " 545454354555455=68 

1000 " 435355055444555=60 

S. S. Paupst 800 " 304554545555545=64 

900 " 554554335554555=68 

1000 " 023355334555445=56 

A. Fleming 800 " 435555554445455=68 

900 " 555435035553045=59 

1000 " 455543333355043=55 

A. H. Davidson 800 " 345552553455535=64 

900 " 454545443555555=68 

1000 '* 435355055444555=62 

Team totals— 800 yards, 532 ; 900 yards, 519 ; 1000 yards, 471 ; grand 
total, 1522. 

A3IERICAN Team : 

Major G. B. Young 800 yards. 355555543355454=66 

900 " 505354555234535=59 

1000 " 433353433344035=52 

Lieut. Shaw 800 " 553455555555455=71 

900 " 453444544355544=63 

1000 " 335334545550454=58 

Lieut. H. M. Bell 800 " 534555555545555=71 

900 " 054555455454445=64 

1000 " 353432354545545=60 

Lieut. H. H. Leizear 800 " 545454554545454=68 

900 " 545555455545555=72 

1000 " 544533544444455=63 

Lieut. W. W. Cookson 800 " 445445444400555=57 

900 " 444544555555555=70 

1000 " 335533444545454=61 



. American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 51 

Capt. W. B. Martin 800 yards. 355543545055554=63 



900 
1000 

Capt. C. H. Springstead 800 

900 

1000 

Capt. W. F. Wliittemore 800 

900 
1000 



534245454554433=60 
344035525435324=52 
354554355445454=65 
454345534545553=64 
435454434543302=55 
554554533345535=64 
553353554555545=67 
552534444050532=51 



Team totals— 800 yards, 525 ; 900 yards, 519 ; 1000 yards, 450 ; grand 
total, 1494. 



Interchangeable System — This term is usually applied to 
machine made fire arms signifying that the various parts of 
the arm are made in quantity, and can be supplied separately 
to replace lost or injured parts. 

Iron Target — (See Target). 

Ivory Bead — The apex of a front rifle sight in form of a bead, 
composed of ivory, bone, or some white substance. 

J 

Jacket — A covering for a bullet. (See Patch). 
Jacketed. Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Japan Wax — A vegetable compound used as a lubricant for 
bullets. 

Jump — A movement of the rifle caused by the recoil. Con- 
spicuous in a light rifle with a heavy charge. 

K 

Kentucky Rifle — A type of rifle formerly popular. It was 
usually muzzleloading, heavy, and had a long barrel. 

Keyhole — A bullet hole in a target showing the irregular flight 
of a bullet. This is usually caused by improper size of a 
bullet, therefore not taking the rifling properly — insufficient 
twist, or too heavy bullet. A bullet not receiving the proper 
spin does not fly on a true axis, but takes an erratic flight, 
striking the target partly or wholly sidewise, making a hole 
oblong, or in the shape of a keyhole. Hence the term. 

Kfng Target — (See Target). 

Knife Blade Sight— (See Sight). 



52 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Krag-Jorgensen Rifle — The type of rifle adopted by the 
United States government. Known now as the U. S. 
Magazine rifle. 

L 

Ladle — An utensil used in molding or casting bullets to dip the 
molten lead, and to pour it into the bullet mold. 

Lands — A rifle barrel is bored lo a desired size; the inside of 
the barrel is then called the surface ; the grooves are cut 
from the surface. The raised spiral surfaces left by this 
operation are the lands. 

Lead — An inelastic metal, which is easily fusible. Used 
either pure or alloyed by riflemen for making bullets. 
American lead is usually pure ; i. e. , without tin ; some 
foreign lead has a portion of tin with it. 

Leading — The term is used by riflemen to designate the pre- 
sence of lead on the inside of a rifle barrel ; the lead that 
adheres to the inside of rifle or pistol barrel from various 
causes, chiefly from want of sufficient lubrication, or from 
securing a great velocity with a soft bullet. (See Lead- 
ing Out). 

Leading Out — This term is employed to express the operation 
of removing the burrs on the edges of the lands, or the un- 
even parts of a rifle barrel. The operation consists of attach- 
ing a slug of lead about the diameter of the inside of the 
barrel to a rod ; the slug is besmeared with lubricant, and 
dusted with flour emery. The slug is then passed through 
the barrel slowly, following the rifling, and working it 
chiefly at the tight places to reduce such places to conform 
in diameter to other parts of the barrel. A rifle barrel may 
be injured if the rifling is not accurately followed. 

Leading Up — Lead fou'ing. Accumulation of lead on inside 
of a rifle barrel. Often caused by insufficient hardening of 
bullet, improper lubricant, or too quick powder. It destroys 
the accuracy of a rifle. 

Leech Cup — (See Trophies). 

Lever Rifle — The term is usually applied to magazine rifles 
of such type as are operated by working the lever. 

Lever — Part of the mechanism of a rifle, usually employed to 
open the action of a breechloading rifle. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 53 

Linen Patch — A patch of linen placed over the powder charge 
around the bullet to protect the lead of bullet from touching 
the inside of the rifle barrel. Used chiefly in a muzzle- 
loading rifle. 

Loading Flask — A powder flask for holding and measuring 
the powder charge. (See Powder Flask). 

Loading Tube — A funnel with a lengthened tube used to pour 
powder through in loading cartridges, the object of which 
is to pack the powder, and enable the rifleman to get a 
larger charge of powder in the shell than he would by the 
ordinary mode of loading. 

Lock — The part of a rifle mechanism that discharges the piece. 

Long Range — The long distances at which a rifle is shot; 
this usually means 800, 900, and 1000 yards. 

Lord -Keen Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Lost Motion — Want of unison in action when a driver and 
follower are employed, caused by elasticity, or imperfect 
fitting of joints. 
Lubricant — A substance usually composed of grease, oil, 
plumbago, etc., used in rifles and pistols for the purpose of 
reducing friction of the bullet when passing rapidly through 
the barrel. Lubricant is used in several ways; /. e., in the 
cannelures of bullets; on the exposed part of a rim-fire 
bullet ; in the form of disks between powder and bullet ; on 
the paper patch of a bullet ; on a separate linen patch of 
bullet. There are many formulae for lubricant. Japan wax, 
a vegetable compound, is used to considerable extent by 
ammunition manufacturers as a lubricant. Following are 
some receipts for making lubricants : 

T — Clear tallow, 4 parts; beeswax, i part. » 

2 — Beeswax, i part ; tallow, 3 parts. ; 

3 — Beeswax and common cylinder oi' , 3 parts wax to i of ' 
oil ; also, beef tallow with enough vaseline with it to soften 
as desired. 

4— Beeswax, i part; sperm oil, by weight, 2 parts. 

5 — 3 parts mutton tallow, i part wax. About a teaspoon- 
ful plumbago to a pint of the melted compound ; cool a 
little of it, and if it proves too hard thin with a little sperm oil. 



54 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

6 — Vaseline and paraffine, putting in only enough of the 
paraffine to make the vaseline hard enough to work well on 
the bullet. Use a piece of paraffine about the size of a good- 
sized duck's egg to one pound of vaseline. 

7 — Beeswax and cylinder, or other heavy oil, i part oil to 
4 of beeswax. 

8 — Japan wax, i}4 parts; vaseline and tallow, i part each. 
The French government formerly used a lubricant com- 
posed of 3 parts tallow to i part beeswax ; Switzerland and 
America, 4 parts tallow to i part beeswax, and later the 
American metallic cartridges were lubricated with a mixture 
of tallow, I part, beeswax, 8 parts ; finally the government 
adopted japan wax. 

Lubricating Disk — A round flat disk of lubricating material, 
which is placed in a cartridge between a bullet and the 
powder charge to reduce the friction of the bullet. A lubri- 
cating wad. 

Lubricating Pump — An instrument for distributing lubricant 
in the cannelure of bullets. There are many devices for 
this purpose. 

Luminous Paint — A phosphorescent mixture to apply to rifle 
sights to aid the hunter in discerning the sights of his rifle 
at night. 

M 

Machine Rest — An arrangement to which a rifle is affixed, or 
rested on to test the accuracy of the arm. 

Machine Rest Shooting — Shooting with the rifle affixed to a 
machine rest. This style of shooting is usually employed 
to test modern rifles; the rifle is not usually aimed aj: a 
specially defined mark, the shots being placed in a group, 
and is regarded as a satisfactory test of a rifle's accuracy, 
as it is assumed if the group of shots is placed in a small 
group the mechanical part of the arm is correct. 

Magazine Rifle — A rifle with a magazine for reserve car- 
tridges. — Lever magazine, operated by a lever. — Bolt maga- 
zine, operated by a bolt. — Full magazine, a rifle with a 
magazine tube the full length of the rifle barrel. — Half maga- 
zine, with the magazine tube half the length of barrel. — Box 
magazine, a rifle with magazine in a box. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 55 

Magazine Trap — A target trap for throwing targets. 

Magpie — A shot in the ring space of a military target that 

counts 3 points. The signal is a black and white cross. 
Mainspring — The firing spring ; the spring that operates the 

hammer. 
Man Target — (See Target). 
Mantle — A term applied to a covering for a bullet, usually a 

soft metal, to protect the lead from the rifling, or to hold the 

lead in a mass during the bullet's flight. (See Bullet). 
Mantled Bullet— (See Bullet). 
Marker — The person who marks, or signals the value of shots 

in target shooting. 
Marking Disks — Disks at the end of a pole used by markers 

in a rifle pit to show the location, and value of shots ; the 

marks on the back of the disks which are shown to the 

marksmen indicate the value of shots. 
Massachusetts Target — (See Target). 

Match Rifle — A rifle for target practice; usually equipped 
with fine sights. 

Mercury — A heavy, silvery, opaque liquid, known as quick- 
silver. Used by riflemen to remove lead from a rifle barrel. 

Metal Patched Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Metallic Cartridges — Cartridges made with cases or shells of 
metal. Now the usual form of cartridges for rifles, revol- 
vers, and pistols. (See Cartridge). 

Mid Range — The distance between short range and long range. 
Usually 500 or 600 yards. 

Military Revolver — (See Revolver). 

Military Rifle — A rifle -fit for military service. 

Minie Ball — A bullet designed by M. Minie, a military officer 

of France. 
Mirage — Peculiar effect of light destroying and incorrectly 

revealing an object. Troublesome to the rifleman on account 

of causing uncertainty in aiming. 
Miss— Not hitting the target. 

Mold — Mould — A matrix for moldmg or casting bullets. 
Molding — Moulding — Same as casting; molding a bullet. 



56 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia 



Munroe Ladle — A ladle for bullet making. It has a partly 
covered top and small nozzle ; riflemen use it for pouring 
the molten lead into the bullet mold. 

Mushrooming — A particular shape assumed by a bullet on 
impact. 

Muzzleloader — A rifle that loads at the muzzle only. 

Muzzleloading-breechloader — A rifle originally constructed 
to be fired by loading at the breech, but loaded at the 
muzzle. 

Muzzle Velocity — The velocity of a bullet at, or near the 
muzzle. Usually the velocity is taken at fifty-three feet 
from the muzzle, by U. S. Ordnance officers, when testing 
small bore rifles. 

N 

National Rifle Association of America — Organized in New- 
York City, November 24th, 1871; reorganized at Sea Girt, 
N. J., September 5th, 1900. Any person giving his. name, 
address, and the name of the club 
or military organization, if any, with 
which he is connected, may become 
an annual member on payment of 
membership fee of $[.00, and annual 
dues of $1 . 00, in advance, and subject 
to the right of the executive com- 
mittee to reject his name, and re- 
turn his dues, in case it is deemed 
necessary for the interest of the 
association. Life membership, 
$25.00. Annual rifle matches at the 
present time are held at Sea Girt. Gen. Bird W. Spencer, 
President, Passaic, N. J. ; Lieut. A. S. Jones, Secretary, 
Passaic, N. J. 

BY-LAWS 

OF THE 

National Rifle Association of America, 
article i. 
The Name of the Association. — Sec. i. — The name of the 
association shall be the National Rifle Association of America. 




American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 57 

article ii. 

Management. — Sec. i. — The affairs of the association shall 
be controlled by a board of directors consisting of thirty-six 
members, the term of one-third of whom shall terminate in 
each year. 

Sec. 2. — They shall be appointed for the first year by the 
present board. Their successors shall be elected at each an- 
nual meeting thereafter, beginning in 1901, one-third in each 
year. 

Sec. 3. — They shall annually elect from their members a 
president, three vice-presidents, treasurer and secretary. 

Sec. 4. — The secretary of war. the general commanding the 
army, the various major-generals, brigadier-generals, the ad- 
jutant-general and the chief of ordnance of the army of the 
United States and the adjutant-generals of the several states 
shall respectively be ex-officio directors of the association. 

Sec. 5. — The president of any rifle association or club and 
the commanding officer of any military organization which 
may affiliate with this association will be ex-officio members 
of the board of directors. 

S«c. 6. — The board of directors may, by a unanimous vote, 
elect as an honorary director for life any person to whom 
they consider the association may be under special obligations, 
who shall be provided with a special badge at the expense of 
the association. 

Sec. 7. — The members of the board of directors who are 
unable to attend any meeting may give a proxy to any other 
director whom they may elect, but said proxy must be pre- 
sented in writing at the meeting. 

Sec. 8. — The board of directors shall fill any vacancies in 
its own body that may occur prior to the annual meeting next 
following. 

Sec. 9. — A quorum of the board of directors shall consist of 
seven members. 

Sec. 10. — The following standing committees, consisting 
each of three members, shall be appointed by the president 
directly after the annual meeting in each year: ist, committee 
on competitions ; 2d, committee on finance. 

Sec. II. — The annual meeting of the directors shall be held 
immediately after the annual meeting, at which time the officers 
for the ensuing year shall be elected. 



58 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

ARTICLE III. 

Executive Committee. — Sec. i.— The executive committee 
shall consist of the president, three vice-presidents, treasurer, 
secretary and one director, to be appointed by the president. 

Sec. 2. — The executive committee shah have full charge and 
control of the management of the association when the board 
of directors is not in session. 

Sec. 3. — It shall m.ake, from time to time, such rules and 
regulations for the government of the asociation and for the 
promotion of rifle and revolver practice as it deems necessary. 

Sec. 4. — All disputes, protests or appeals shall be made direct 
to the chairman of the executive committee, who may himself 
decide the question in dispute or refer the matter to the execu- 
tive committee. Should the decision of the chairman of the 
executive committee be unsatisfactory to the complainant, the 
question may be referred to the entire committee, the decision 
of a majority of whom shall be final. 

Sec. 5. — Arrangements for interstate and international con- 
tests shall be submitted to this committee, which shall pre- 
scribe the conditions thereof and the place where the contests 
shall be held. 

^ Sec. 6. — It may. by a three-fourths vote of those present at 
any meeting, expel any member of the association whom It 
may consider to have committed an act or acts unbecoming a 
gentleman or prejudicial to the interests of the association, 
and debar him from taking part in any future meeting. Such 
vote shall not be taken without giving two weeks' notice to 
the offender of the charges made against him, and affording 
him an opportunity of being heard in his defense. Any person 
so removed shall not be eligible for membership unless his 
disability is removed by a similar vote. This power shall 
extend to contestants not members of the association. 

Sec. 7. — The executive committee shall meet at any time 
and place at the call of the president or vice-president. 

Sec. 8. — Four members present shall constitute a quorum. 

Sec. 9. — The executive committee shall keep regular minutes 
of its proceedings, which, after having been previously ap- 
proved by the committee, shall be reported to the board of 
directors. All acts of the executive committee shall be binding 
upon the association until changed by the board of directors 
at a regular meeting. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 59 



ARTICLE IV. 

Meetings of the Directors. — Sec. i. — The meeting of the 
directors for organization shall be held directly after the an- 
nual meeting. 

Sec. 2. — Other meetings shall be held at such time and place 
as may be determined by the board. 

Sec. 3. — Special meetings may be called at any time by the 
president, or, in his absence, by the first vice-president, and 
shall thus be called upon the requisition of seven directors. 

Sec. 4. — Notice of all meetings shall be given by the secre- 
tary to each director by mail, addressed to their respective 
places of business or residence. 

Sec. 5. — No special meeting shall be called except upon a 
previous notice of at least two days to each director. 

ARTICLE v. 

Duties of Officers. — Sec. i. — The president, or, in his ab- 
sence, the vice-president, shall perform the usual duties of his 
office. He is authorized to call all meetings of the board 
of directors and executive committee, and shall be ex-officio 
chairman of all committees. 

Sec. 2. — He shall appoint all standing and special committees. 

Sec. 3. — The secretary shall notify the members of the board 
of directors and the executive committee of all meetings, and 
shall send each member of the association notice of the annual 
meeting. He shall keep a true record of all meetings of the 
directors of the association and of the executive committee, 
have the custody of the books and papers and the corporate 
seal of the association, and conduct all correspondence. He 
shall make a report of his proceedings as often as he shall be 
requested to do so by the president or the executive committee. 
All applications for membership shall be made direct to the 
secretary of the association, who shall be responsible for the 
collection of all membership fees and dues, and shall remit 
the same to the treasurer, taking his proper receipt therefor. 

Sec. 4. — The treasurer shall have charge of all funds of 
the association and place the same in such bank, or banks, as 
may be approved by the executive committee. Such moneys 
shall be deposited to the credit of the association, and shall 
be withdrawn only by the check thereof signed by the treas- 
urer. He shall keep accounts of all his transactions and make 
a detailed report, with vouchers, at any meeting of the execvi- 



6o American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

live committee when requested, and an annual report to the 
association at its annual meeting. He shall be required by the 
executive committee to furnish a satisfactory surety bond in 
such amount as it may designate, the expense of which is to 
be paid by the association. In the event of the absence or 
inability of the treasurer to fulfill the duties of his office, the 
executive committee may appoint a treasurer pro tem. 

Sec. 5. — The committee on competitions shall have charge of 
all matters relating to the rifle and revolver matches of the 
association, and shall select and procure the prizes offered by 
the association. 

Sec. 6. — The finance committee shall have general super- 
vision of the finances of the association. It shall audit the 
accounts of the treasurer and secretary and make a report at 
the annual meeting. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Removal of Directors. — Sec. i. — Any director who shall, in 
the opinion of the board, conduct himself in a manner seri- 
ously prejudicial to the interests of the association may be 
removed by a two-thirds vote of the board of directors, pro- 
vided the accused shall have at least ten days previously been 
personally notified in writing of the charges against him and 
a hearing given him at a stated meeting to be therein specified. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Membership. — Sec. i. — All life members shall continue to be 
so during their lives. 

Sec. 2. — Any person giving his name, address and the name 
of the club or military organization, if any, with which he is 
connected, may become an annual member of the association 
on the payment of a membership fee of $1 and annual dues of 
$1 in advance, subject to the right of the executive committee^ 
to reject his name and return his dues in case it shall deem it' 
necessary for the interest of the association. 

Sec. 3. — In case such person shall pay $25 he shall, upon the 
same conditions, become a member for life, and be exemipt 
from further dues and assessments. 

Sec. 4. — Each member shall be entitled to one vote in person 
or by proxy at the annual meeting of the association. 

Club Membership. — Sec. 5.— Any rifle association, club or 
military organization may affiliate with the association upon 
the payment of $10 membership fe.p -nd $5 annual dues in 
advance. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 6i 

Sec. 6. — Such membership is for club privileges only, and 
does not carry with it any individual rights of membership in 
the association. 

Sec. 7. — Any affiliated association, club or military organiza- 
tion may receive the sanction, support and co-operation of the 
association for any competition or meeting in which it may 
engage. 

Sec. 8. — The presidents of affiliated clubs will be entitled to 
a vote in the board of directors. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Salaries, — Sec. i. — No director, with the exception of the 
secretary, shall receive any profits, salary or emolument from 
the association on any pretense or in any manner whatever. 

Sec. 2. — The annual salary of the secretary of the association 
shall be determined by the executive committee. 

ARTICLE IX. 

Meetings of the Association. — Sec. i. — The annual meeting 
of the association shall be held on Thursday at 8 p. m. during 
the week in which the annual interstate competitions are being 
held. This date shall be fixed by the executive committee, and 
shall, as far as practicable, be the first week in September of 
each year. If it shall not take place at that time, it shall be 
held as soon thereafter as may be convenient, and the officers 
and directors whose terms of office shall expire shall hold over 
until their successors are appointed. 

Sec. 2. — At the annual meeting any business of the associa- 
tion authorized by law may be transacted. 

Sec. 3. — Special meetings of the association may be called 
whenever authorized by the executive committee. In the 
notice calling any special meeting, the particular subjects to 
be considered shall be specified, and no other business shall be 
transacted at such meeting but that so specified in the notice. 

Sec. 4. — Twenty-five members shall constitute a quorum at 
any meeting of the association. 

Sec. 5.— At no meeting of the association shall any subject 
be introduced or discussed which does not relate directly to its 
affairs. 

ARTICLE X. 

Amendments. — Sec. i. — To amend these by-laws the pro- 
posed amendment shall be subscribed by at least twelve direc- 



62 American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 

tors, and shall then be presented to the president, who shall 

cause it to be brought before the executive committee. To 

become adopted, it must receive at least five votes of the 

executive committee. 

Necking Down — Contracting the mouth end of a metallic 
shell with the object of shortening the shell. 

Needle Guns — A term applied to rifles having long firing pins, 
like the Springfield rifle. This term is applied to some 
foreign rifles having such firing pins. 

Nipper — A shot hole that barely touches the edge of a bulls- 
eye, or a ring in the target. 



O'clock — A term used by riflemen to indicate the location of 
a shot, or the direction from which the wind is blowing. 
To illustrate: Face the target with watch in hand with 
figure XII toward target. A shot in the line of figure XII 
would be a 12 o'clock shot; in the line of III, a 3 o'clock 
shot; in the line of VI, a six o'clock shot, etc. To further 
illustrate: A shot striking in the bullseye in the upper half 
in a line of the highest point would be called a 12 o'clock 
bullseye ; if it struck in the lower half of the bullseye in a 
line of the lowest point, it would be called a 6 o'clock bulls- 
eye, and so on. The term is also applied to wind upon the 
same principles. 

Octagon Barrel — A rifle barrel with eight sides. 

Oil for Riflemen — It is essential that oil used by riflemen be 
free from water. Pure sperm oil is preferable. Some of 
the proprietary preparations are good. 

Offhand Rest Shooting — Shooting standing with the barrfel 
of the rifle on an artificial rest. (See Positions). 

Open Sight— (See Sight). 

Outer — A space on a Creedmoor target or similar target that 
counts 2 when hit with a bullet. 

P 

Palma Trophy — (See Trophies). 

Palm Rest — An attachment to a rifle, usually attached to the 
forestock, to aid in holding a heavy rifle steadily. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 63 

Paper Patch— (See Patch). 

Paper Cartridges — Cartridges with cases of paper; the usual 
form for muzzle] oading rifles, and pistols and revolvers 
loaded at muzzle end of cylinder. Paper cartridges are now 
obsolete. (See Cartridge). 

Paper Targets — (See Target). 

Paster — A gummed paster for pasting over shot holes. 

Patch — A covering for a bullet, its chief object being to pro- 
tect the lead of a bullet from the inside of ihe rifle barrel. 
There are many forms of patches. In the muzzleloading 
rifle a linen patch is generally used. The patch which is 
larger than the bore of the rifle is usually wet with saliva ; 
it is then placed over the muzzle, the bullet seated on the 
patch over the bore, and the bullet pushed down the barrel 
on top of the charge of powder. Cross patches of paper are 
. also used in muzzleloading rifles ; two long narrow slips of 
paper are placed crosswise over the muzzle, and the bullet 
seated as before described. For patched bullets for a 
breechloading rifle, a paper patch is employed; the patch is 
cut in the proper shape and wrapped around the bullet. 
Metal patching consists of a soft metal covering the bullet. 
Half metal patch covers the bullet partly to secure greater 
smashing effect and less penetration. Patched bullets are 
also called mantled bullets, jacketed bullets, coated bullets. 
Slit Patch — A patch with a slit in the side to facilitate 
the patch parting from the bullet when it leaves the rifle 
barrel. 

Chase Patch — A form named for the inventor; it goes 
just around the elongated bullet without lapping. 

Patch Paper — Paper used for patching bullets. Such bullets 
are generally used" without lubrication, and for target 
shooting, the patch keeping the naked bullet from touching 
the inside of the rifle barrel. The papers usually employed 
for patching bullets are called bird and parchment papers ; 
papers known as onion skin, bank folio, and tracing papers 
are also employed. 

Percussion — Collision that produces sound. Percussion caps, 
those that explode with a sound. Percussion bullets, those 
that explode upon impact. Percussion fuses, the same 
meaning, etc. ^ 



64 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Performance — A series of shots without any declared object 
before shooting, and without being entered in a regular 
competition, and shot under strict rules. 

Pin-fire Cartridge— A cartridge that was exploded by striking 
a pin that extended into the shell. (See Cartrid; e). 

Ping— A sound made by the flight of a bullet passing through 
the air. 

Pin Head Sight— (See Sight). 

Pistol — A rifle of such size and shape that it cau be con- 

• veniently shot by holding in one hand with extended arm. 
I Pistol Grip — A grip of a rifle shaped like a pistol handle. 

Pistol Range— (See Rifle Range). 

Pistol Ranges — Pistols are shot in America at ranges from 5 
yards up to 500 yards. Indoor shooting is usually at 10 and 
20 yards ; outdoor shooting generally at 20, 30, and 50 yards. 

Pitch of Rifle— The twist. 

Plugging a Shot — Inserting the indicator plug in a shot hole. 

Plug Indicator — Usually a circular pasteboard disk, through 
the center of which is a hole, through which a plug is 
placed. When -a shot is fired on a paper target the plug is 
placed in the shot hole. Some of the circular disks are 
black, others white. The black is used when the shot is 
out of the buUseye ; the white when in the black bullseye. 
This enables the marksman or scorer some distance away 
from the target to speedily locate a shot. 

Plumbago — Graphite — A mineral which is sometimes used as 
an ingredient in lubricant. 

Pocket — A place in a rifle barrel out of the true axis ; a loose 
place in a rifle barrel, caused by irregular boring or cavity 
in the metal. This is a defect in a rifle ; it is readily de- 
tected by placing in a rifle barrel a slug or bullet which fits 
the inside of the barrel snugly, and then pushing through ; 
when the slug or bullet reaches the pocket the increased 
diameter of the bore allows the bullet to pass forward with 
less resistance. This is regarded by riflemen as a probable 
detriment to the good shooting qualities of a rifle, based 
on the belief that the loose places in a rifle barrel might 
permit an escape of gas around the bullet. This belief is 
realized in a majority of cases, but not in all, because the 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 65 

power of the powder gas, the flexibility of the bullet, and 
perhaps other causes might overcome the mechanical defect 
mentioned. This term is also used to signify the hole in 
the head of the primer which receives the primer or cap. 

Pocket Pistol — A pistol of such size that it can be carried 
conveniently in the pocket. This is usually accepted as one 
having a barrel of not more than four inches in length. 

Pocket Revolver — (See Revolver). 

Point On — A bullet that flies on a true axis during its accu- 
rate range. 

Points — The value of a shot ; the count of a shot. 

Police Revolver — (See Revolver). 

Pope System — A method employed by H. M. Pope in making 
rifle barrels. 

Position — Attitude assumed in shooting. Under standing 
positions are the various attitudes known as offhand posi- 
tions, which have been much confused during recent years. 
Offhand position at one time was generally known to mean 
standing erect on both feet, with butt of rifle to the shoul- 
der, with a right handed man the left arm extended free 
from support of the body. 

The body rest position means standing erect on both feet, 
but the left arm from shoulder to elbow supported by body. 
Fig. 2. 

Breast rest with left arm from shoulder to elbow sup- 
ported across the breast. 

Hip rest position with elbow receiving support of the hip. 

Palm rest position— A post is attached to the forestock 
of the rifle, at the end of which is a cross piece or palm rest, 
which is rested in the palm of the hand to support the rifle. 

Kneeling position — Kneeling on one or both knees. 
Sitting position — Sitting on the ground with the rifle re- 
ceiving no artificial support. 

Prone position — Lying prone on the ground with head 
toward the target. 

Side position — Lying on the side. 



66 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 





Offhand Position. 
Arm Partly Extended. 



Offhand Position. 
Arm Extended. 




Back Position. 
With Match Rifle. 



Back Position. 
Texas Grip. 





Offhand Body Rest Position. Offhand Hip Rest Position. 

POSITIONS IN RIFLE SHOOTING. 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



67 




Position Sl-ootingf 
Heavy Schuetzen Rifle. 




Kneeling Position. 




Prone Position. 



Back Position with Match Rifle. 





Sitting Position. Position Shooting Rifle with Rest. 

POSITIONS IX RIFLE SHOOTING. 



68 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Back position — Lying on the back. This includes a 
variety of attitudes. Illustration shows the usual back posi- 
tion in rifle firing. Sometimes the rifle barrel is rested between 
the crossed feet, then across the crossed legs, again across 
one leg. In the foregoing positions the butt of the rifle is 
held to the shoulder. There are other back positions where 
the butt of the rifle is passed back and over the shoulder, 
the left arm placed under the head, and butt plate held in 
the hand to receive the recoil. The strap on a military rifle 
is sometimes utilized to receive the recoil, as in the Texas 
grip position. 

Skirmish position usually means any position with or 
without artificial support. 
Powder Charge — The amount of powder used in a load. 

Powder Flask — A flask containing powder and gauged to 

measure the powder charge. (See Loading Flask). 

Powders — The powders used by riflemen are of three types; 
namely, black, semi-smokeless, and smokeless, the latter 
frequently called nitro powder. Black powder is usually 
graded by letters, and the manufacturers of powders give 
special instructions as to loading. The coarser grains of 
black powder are usually employed for large bore rifles ; the 

^ fine grain black powders are rnade for pistol and revolver 
cartridges, or arms having short barrels, and for rifles of 
very small bore. To use the fine grain powder intended for 
pistol cartridges in full charges for large rifles is hazardous, 
and not likely to give accuracy ; quick burning black shot- 
gun powders are not recommended for rifles. 

Semi-smokeless powder is neither a nitro nor a black 
powder, but contains the admitted good qualities of both. Its 
discovery was made a few years ago, and from the first out- 
put of the product in i8g6 it became apparent that it marked 
the dawn of a new era in powder making. Conspicuous 
among its merits may be mentioned these: High velocity 
with superior accuracy, absence of fouling, greatly lessened 
heat. In appearance this powder is a dead, bluish black. 
The grains are hard, like black powder, but in density or 
weight somewhat less. The brands are FFFFG, FFFG, 
FFG. FG, and CG. The first is for very small bore rifles 
or pistols, like .22 caliber; the next for .25 and .32 calibers; 
the other two for larger bores. The brands for small bore 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 69 

rifles should never be used in rifles of large bore. It is 
manufactured by the King Powder Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
Smokeless powders, or nitro powders, are divided into two 
types. The first is known as the bulk for bulk, meaning its 
charge corresponds, or nearly so, in bulk to the charge of 
black powder; the second is the dense type, which means a 
charge equaling in strength the black powder charge but 
denser, or much less in bulk. It should be born in mind 
that the dense smokeless powder if used in the same bulk 
quantity as the black or the bulk for bulk smokeless, will 
likely burst or do damage to the rifle and shooter, for such 
a charge might mean two or three times the strength of a 
charge of the other two powders. Most of the accidents 
with smokeless powders are from this cause. Black powder 
and bulk for bulk smokeless powder may be safely measured, 
but the dense type should be weighed, or if measured, done 
with extreme care, and the charges named by the makers 
of the powders should not be exceeded. Special primers 
are recommended for each type of powder. 

Practice Shooting — Shooting for practice; without contesting 
for any prize or under rules and regulations. 

Primer — The igniting agency of a central-fire cartridge, a cap. 
In the United States the term primer is applied to this part 
of central-fire cartridge ; cap is the term used for the metallic 
cup holding priming, which is fitted on a nipple of a fire 
arm, which, when discharged, ignites the powder charge. 

Primer Pocket — The hole in the head of a central-fire car- 
tridge which holds the primer. 

Primer — A metallic cup of less depth than a cap, charged 
with fulminate ; a blow from a hammer, or plunger, striking 
the primer ignites the powder charge. It is usually placed 
in the pocket of a metallic shell. In America a primer is a 
part of a metallic cartridge ; a cap being the form of primer 
that is placed on the nipple of a muzzleloading rifle. 

Projectile— A bullet. (See Bullet). 

Prone Position— (See Position). 

Protest — A formal objection to the manner of conducting a 
match, or the count given to a contestant. Rifle shooting 
rules generally require a protest to be made in writing with- 
in a specified time. A protest should be about as follows: 



70 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

To the Executive Officer of 

The Rifle Association. 

Sir: — I hereby protest against the score of John Jones being 
allowed in the match shot on this day, July loth. I beg to call 
your attention to the conditions of this match, which stated 
that each contestant shall fire his ten shots in two minutes in 
any position without artificial rest. I make my protest because 
the said John Jones did consume ten minutes and twenty 
seconds in firing his ten shots, and did use an artificial rest 
during the shooting. 

(Signed). William Black. 
The names of witnesses to the foregoing can be added 
if desired. 
Pull— (See Trigger Pull). 

Pull Off — Sometimes used to signify a premature discharge of 
a rifle or pistol on account of an unexpected shock causing 
an involuntary pressure of the trigger. (See Trigger Pull). 

Q 

Quicksilver — (See Mercury). 

R 

Range — In outdoor rifle shooting there are usually three 
classes of ranges: short, mid, and long ranges. Short ranges 
are usually considered loo, 200, and 300 yards, often 200 
yards only. Mid ranges, 500 and 600 yards, and long ranges, 
all beyond 600 yards, usually 800, 900, and 1000 yards. The 
limit of the accuracy of the rifle. 

Range Finder — An instrument to determine the distance of an 
object, to enable the shooter to adjust the sights of his rifle 
properly. 

Rattled — A slang phrase indicating excitedness ; disconcerted- 
ness. 

Raub Target— (See Target). 

Re and De Capper — A tool that removes the exploded cap or 

primer, and recaps the shell. 
Rear Sight— (See Sight). 

Rear Sight Cover — A cover for the rear sight on a rifle; 
usually a cover for an open rear sight on a barrel. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 71 

Rebored Rifle — Rifles, the barrels of which are rebored and 
rerifled. This term is applied to the foregoing as meaning 
a rifle barrel from which the original bore has been changed. 
This change may have been from dissatisfaction of the bore 
of the rifle for the purpose intended, or from unsuited 
accuracy ; usually, however, it is on account of a rifle barrel 
becoming rusted, or because the rifling is worn out or 
damaged. It is always meant to refer to a larger bore of 
the barrel than original. 

Rechamber — Making a new chamber for rifle. This is usually 
accompanied by bushing the chamber of a rifle first, and 
then rechambering for the desired cartridge. With a bored- 
up rifle the rechambering process is simple. 

Record — As applied to rifle, revolver, or pistol shooting, the 
term is generally accepted by riflemen of the United States 
as meaning a score shot under such condittons as to make it 
universally recognized as correct. This means : A score 
shot on the range of a regularly organized club; in the 
presence of reliable witnesses; on a regular club shooting 
day, or by previous arrangement ; the shooter declaring his 
object before beginning his score; /. e., naming his inten- 
tions, or specifying what he intends to do. The shooting 
done on a regularly adopted target, at regulation distance, 
the score should count on one target only. A majority of 
shooters of the United States believe it is proper to have the 
correctness of a score certified to by a reasonable number of 
witnesses, and sworn to before a notary public. 

Records — Best known records in rifle, pistol, and revolver 
shooting in the United States. 

RIFLE RECORDS. 
Standard American Target — 200 yards offhand. 
Five shots, possible 50: 

Bert Wentworth, Dover, N. H., April 10, 1887; score, 50. 

Seven shots, possible 70: 

C. M. Hill, Manchester, N. H., May 20, 1887, 67. 

E. F. Richardson, Walnut Hill, Mass., Oct. 6, 1887, 67. 

G. F. Pevear, Walnut Hill, Mass., Oct. 5, 1888, 67. 
Ten shots, possible 100: 

Bert Wentworth, Dover, N. H., Oct. 27, 1900, 98. 

Peter Bergersen, Cheyenne, Wyo., June 30, 1901, 98. 



72 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Fifty shots, possible 500: 

Dr. W. G. Hudson, Greenville, N. J., Dec. 7, 1901, 462. 
One hundred shots, possible 1,000: 

Dr. W. G. Hudson, Greenville, N. J., April 5, 1902, 900. 

Standard American Rest Target — (Rest Shooting) — 
200 yards. 
Ten shots, possible 120: 

H. L. Willard, Walnut Hill, Mass., June 22, 1895; score, 
120. 

H. L. Willard, Walnut Hill, Mass., Aug. 28, 1897, 120. 

H. L. Willard, Walnut Hill, Mass., Sept. 3, 1898, 120. 

Mrs. E. E. Patridge, Walnut Hill, Mass., Dec. 8, 1900, 120. 

Mrs. E. E. Patridge, Walnut Hill, Mass., April 2^, 1901, 120. 

W. P. Thompson, Walnut Hill, Mass., June i, 1901, 120. 

German-American ^ inch Ring Target — ^200 yards off- 
hand. 
Three shots, possible 75: 

George Helm, Glendale, N. Y., July, 1885; score, 75. 

Michael Dorrler, Cypress Hills, N. Y., May 14, 1894, 75. 

L. C. Buss, Greenville, N. J., Sept. i, 1899, 75. 
Ten shots, possible 250: 

A. C. Gates, Baldwinsville, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1888, 240. 
. O. C Boyce, Greenville, N. J., July 28, 1895, 240. 

L. P. Hansen, Greenville, N. J., Nov. 18, 1899, 240. 
Fifty shots, possible 1,250: 

L. P. Ittel, Pittsburg, Pa., July 20, 1899, 1,150. 
One hundred shots, possible 2,500: 

Michael Dorrler, Greenville, N. J., Nov. 6, 19P0, 2,257. 



INDOOR RECORD (REDUCED TARGET). , 

Seventy-five feet, 100 shots, possible 2,500: 

Michael Dorrler, Cottage Rifle Club, Jersey City, N. 
April 5 and 6, 1901; score, 2,460. 

Columbia Target* — Offhand, 200 yards. 
Ten shots, possible 10: 
A. H. Pape, San Francisco, Cal., June 16; score, 2^. 

On Columbia target. See description of target, under targets. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 73 

Fifty shots, possible 50: 

A. H. Pape, San Francisco, Cal., April 6, 1902, 232. 

Point Target — 200 yards offhand. 
Two hundred shots, possible 600: 

Adolph Strecker, National Shooting Bund, San Francisco, 
Cal., July 18, 1901; score, 394. 



REVOLVER RECORDS. 

Standard American Target — Any revolver, 20 yards, 2^ 
inch bullseye. 

One hundred shots, possible 1,000: 
W. E. Petty, Madison Square Garden, N. Y., March 2 to 
16, 1901; score, 908. 
Fifty yards, 10 shots, possible 100, 8 inch bullseye: 

W. C. Johnston, Jr., Lynn, Mass., July 7, 1888, 100. 
One hundred shots, possible 1,000: 

C. S. Richmond, Savannah, Ga., June, i, 1901, 918. 
Six hundred shots: 

F. E. Bennett, for Revolver Championship of America, 
Springfield, Mass., and Providence, R. L, 6 days, June 4 
to 9, inclusive, 1888, 5,093. 

Military Revolver — 
One hundred shots, possible 1,000: 
Dr. A. A. Webber, Glendale, L. I., N. Y., June 26, 1901; 
score, 790. 

Columbia Target — 
Ten shots, possible 10: 

A. J. Branigan, San Francisco, Cal., June 16, 1901 ; score, 36. 
Fifty shots, possible 50: 

F. O. Young, San Francisco, Cal., June 2, 1901, 230. 

U. S. Elliptical Target, Third Class — 
Fifty yards, 25 shots, possible 125: 

C. S. Richmond, Savannah, Ga., June 8, 1899; score, 125, 
Thirty shots, possible 150: 

C. S. Richmond, Savannah, Ga., April 6, 1898, 148. 
One hundred shots, possible 500: 

E. P. Harpham, Chicago, 111., March 24, 1901, 487. 



74 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Two hundred yards, 20 shots, possible 100: 
C. S. Richmond, Savannah, Ga., 1890, 80* 




Copy of fifty-shot record score at 50 yards on Standard American target with 
pistol, 476 points. Made by Thomas Anderton, at range of Massachusetts 
Rifle Association, Walnut Hill, Mass., December ytli, 1901, with Peters ,22 
long-rifle cartridges. Reduced from an 8 inch bullseye. 

POCKET REVOLVER. 
Standard American Target — 
Fifty yards, 1,000 shots, possible 10,000: 

Charles L. Plath, Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 8 to 26, 1901; 
score, 7,898. 

ANY PISTOL RECORDS. 
* Standard American Target — 
Fifty yards, 10 shots, possible 100: 

C. H. Taylor, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 8, 1898; score, 100.' 

Thomas Anderton, Walnut Hill, Mass., May 13, 1899, 100. 
Fifty shots, possible 500: 

Thomas Anderton' Walnut Hill, Mass., Dec. 7, 1901, 476. 
One hundred shots, possible 1,000: 

J. E. Gorman, San Francisco, Cal., May 20, 1901, 942. 

E. E. Patridge. Walnut Hill, Mass., March i, 1902, 942. 

Thomas Anderton, Walnut Hill, Mass., May 3, 1902, 942. 
One hundred yards. 10 shots, possible 100: 

W. W. Bennett, Walnut Hill, Mass., 67. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 75 

Columbia Target — 
Fifty yards, 10 shots, possible 10: 

E. E. Patridge, Walnut Hill, Mass., Nov. 21, 1900; score, 22. 
Fifty yards, 50 shots, possible 50: 

E. E. Patridge, Walnut Hill, Mass., April 20, 1901, 165. 



6 




_6_ 

Copy of Capt. Richmond's lOO shot world's revolver record score of 918 
points, on Standard American target, at range of 50 yards. Reduced from 8 
inch bullseye. Capt. Richmond used a .44 caliber revolver, and Peters factory 
loaded cartridges. 

GALLERY RECORDS. 
The most important gallery records are those shot at the 
National Sportsmen's Show, Madison Square Garden, New 
York, and later at the Zettler Rifle Gallery, New York. The 
distance has varied slightly from year to year, but the target 
used was the ^ inch German-American ring target reduced. 
The contest is known as the Indoor Rifle Championship for 
the United States. The conditions call for lOO shots offhand. 



76 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

possible 2,500. The winning scores in the different years are 
as follows: 

1897. Won by Michael Dorrler, New Jersey 2421 points. 

1898. " " H. M. Spencer, Pennsylvania 2424 " 

1899. " " F. C. Ross, New York 2425 

1900. " " F.C.Ross, " " 2429 

1901. " "(F.C.Ross,* " " ...2451 

\ L. P. Ittel, Pennsylvania 2451 

1902. " " L. P. Ittel, " 2458 

* Outranked L. P. Ittel by having the highest lO-shot score. 

Rifle Championship for Greater New York and vicinity. 
Shot for annually on state election day. Conditions, 100 shots 
offhand; distance, 200 yards; target ^ inch ring; shots fired 
in series of 10. The championship for the highest lOO-shot 
total; a special prize to the contestant making the highest 
lo-shot score. 

Historical — In 1893 the first annual Individual Champion- 
ship match was shot at Cypress Hills park. Long Island, the 
entries numbering 29. The next three annual matches were 
shot on the same range, the entries numbering as follows: 
1894, 21; 1895, 32; 1896, 21. In 1897 the match was shot at 
Armbruster's park and 23 men competed; in 1898, on the 
same range, 18 men shot in the match; in 1899, still on the 
Armbruster range, Greenville, Jersey City, N. J., 19 men 
competed; 1900, same range, 17 entries; 1901, same place, 
16 entries, The best lOO-shot score and the best individual 
score made each year follow: 

100 shots, possible 2500. 10 shots, possible 250. 

1893 

F. (J. Ross 2194 Louis Flach 230 



F. C. Ross 2142 F. C. Ross 



F. C. Ross 2222 G. W. Plaisted 233 

1896. 
F. C. Ross 2225 F. C. Ross 231 

1897. 
M. Dorrler 2182 H. M. Speucer 219 

1898 
F. C. Ross 2213 H. M. Spencer 231 

1899. 
M. Dorrler 2246 George SchUcht 231 

1900. 
M. Dorrler 2257 F. C. Ross 235 

1901. 
F.C.Ross 2238 W. G. Hudson 230 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedi 77 

Reentry — Entering again ; a term usually connected with re- 
entry matches. 

Refoaded Ammunition — Factory shells that have been re- 
loaded, or recharged. 

Repeating Pistol — (See Repeating Rifle). 

Repeating Rifle — A rifle with a repeating system, or reserve 
fire ; a magazine rifle. 

Resize r — The term is usually applied to a tooL employed in 
reloading cartridges, which is intended to restore the size of 
a factory cartridge, or case, which has been expanded by 
firing, to its original size. 

Rest, Offhand— (See Offhand Rest). 

Rest Shooting — By riflemen this term is used to explain that 
the marksman rested his rifle when aiming, instead of aim- 
ing offhand. The usual mode of rest shooting is to sit, and 
rest the barrel of the rifle on an artificial rest, as shown. 
, (See under Position). The term rest shooting is applied 
to the foregoing, and distinguished from offhand rest shoot- 
ing and machine rest shooting. See under respective head- 
ings for explanation of these terms. 

Revolver — A pistol with barrels, cylinder, or hammer, revolv- 
ing to secure repeated and rapid fire. The modern revolver 
has a revolving cylinder. 

Military Revolver — A revolver of such construction as 
to make it serviceable for military use ; this usually means 
an arm of strength, power, and easy of manipulation ; hav- 
ing plain open sights, and shooting fixed ammunition. 

Pocket Revolver — A revolver of such size and shape that 
it can be conveniently carried in the pocket, and speedily 
withdrawn ; usually means an arm of defense, and shooting 
sufficiently powerful ammunition to quickly kill. 

Police Revolver — Same as pocket revolver, though some- 
times more powerful revolvers are classed under this head. 

Target Revolver — A revolver fitted with fine sigMs; 
often it has a light trigger pull, and shooting any ammu- 
nition. 

Revolver Range— (See Rifle Range). 



78 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 




Firing- Point of Revolver and Pistol Range 
of Massachusetts Rifle Association, Walnut Hill, Mass. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 79 

Revolver Records — (See Records). 

Revolver Shooting Rules — (See Rules). 

Revolving Rifle — A rifle with a revolver mechanism. This is 
now an obsolete system for rifles. 

Ricochet — Ricochet Shot — A projectile striking some object 
before that aimed at. 

Rifle — A gun, the barrel of which is cut on the inside with 
spiral grooves, or channels, the object of which is to cause 
a projectile of proper weight, which fits the barrel, to take 
a spinning motion when fired from the arm, thereby in- 
creasing its range and the accuracy of its flight. American 
rifles are classed as follows: Military rifles, those for mili- 
tary service ; hunting rifles, those used in pursuit of game ; 
match, or target rifles, those used for target shooting. 
There are also various types of American rifles under other 
names ; namely, long range rifles, usually those for target 
shooting at 800, 900, and 1000 yards ; mid range rifles, those 
for shooting up to 800 yards ; short range rifles, those shot 
up to about 300 yards ; sometimes these rifles are for shoot- 
ing at much shorter distance and are used in hunting at 
close range. These terms are also applied to rifles : Gallery 
rifles, those shot in a rifle gallery, usually of .22 caliber; 
pocket rifles, those compact enough to be carried in a 
pocket ; express rifles, those shooting a large charge of pow- 
der and a light bullet ; magazine rifles, those with a maga- 
zine or reserve of cartridges. 

Rifle Associations — Rifle Clubs — Revolver or Pistol Clubs — 
Marksmen who practice rifle, revolver, or pistol shooting 
organize for the purpose of engaging in practice and com- 
petition. By such organizations facilities for shooting are 
secured at a minimum cost ; skill is measured under equal 
conditions, and intercourse among the shooting fraternity 
proves generally beneficial. 

If a number of persons interested in shooting reside in a 
community, and it is desirable to form a club the following 
plan is suggested. One or more persons interested in the 
matter should take the initiatory steps. They should pro- 
ceed as follows ; 
First, draft a call for those interested in forming such a 

club, which should read something like this: As there are a 

number of gentlemen interested in rifle shooting in this 



8o - American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

neighborhood, it has been suggested that a rifle club be 
formed. All interested in this matter are requested to meet at 
the house of John Smith on Tuesday evening next, January 
5. to consider the advisability of forming such a club. — 
(Signed) John Smith. 

The foregoing may be signed by one or more persons, and 
posted in a conspicuous place, published in local papers, and 
sent by mail to those thought to be interested in the matter. 

Another way of proceeding is to draft a form like this: 
The undersigned, believing it desirable to form a rifle club 
in his place, hereby subscribe our names as favoring such 
a plan, and request that John Smith issue a call for a meeting 
at such time as convenient to him, for the purpose of con- 
sidering the advisability of forming such a club. 

When sufficient signatures are secured to warrant calling 
such a meeting, Mr. Smith should post a notice to that efifect 
and issue a call. 

The meeting should be called to order by Mr, Smith, and 
the foregoing notice read. He should then inquire, What 
shall we do, gentlemen? If the interest in the matter warrants 
it, someone present should say, I move that we proceed to 
organize and nominate John Smith (or some other person) 
as chairman. The motion should then be put and the chair- 
man should then ask that a secretary be nominated. Some- 
one should nominate a secretary, and when the nomination is 
seconded, a vote sho.uld be taken and the secretary chosen 
should keep minutes of the proceedings until the club is or- 
ganized and officers are elected, when he should turn over to 
the secretary or clerk elected the minutes of the proceedings 
kept by him. 

When the chairman and clerk are chosen, the former should 
say, Gentlemen, you have heard read the call for this meeting, 
and it is the sense of this meeting that we proceed to organize. 
He can then with propriety make his own statement as to the 
need of organizing a rifle club, and conclude by saying, 
Gentlemen, the subject is now before you for consideration. 
Then the views of others present should be given. After dis- 
cussing the matter, if it seems desirable to form the club, 
someone — properly other than the chairman — should say: 
Mr. Chairman, I move that we organize a rifle club open to 
m.embership to all those interested in rifle shooting residing 
in (the town, state or county, as desired). Some other per- 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 8i 

son should second the motion. The chairman should then 
put the vote, and, if carried, it would be proper for someone 
present to say: Mr. Chairman. I move that the name of the 
club be the Smithville Rifle Club (or such name as is desired). 
This vote should be put, and if carried, other business should 
follow. It would then be in order for someone to make the 
motion, Mr. Chairman, I move that the secretary draft a 
membership roll to be signed by those wishing to become 
members, subject to their approval of the constitution and 
by-laws. 

If this motion is carried, the secretary might draft the roll 
as follows: 

We, the undersigned, hereby enroll ourselves as members of 
the Smithville Rifle Club, subject to our approval of the con- 
stitution and by-laws. 

To the foregoing those desiring to join the club should afifix 
their signatures. 

This motion should then be offered: Mr. Chairman, I move 
that a committee of three be appointed to draft the constitu- 
tion and by-laws of the Smithville Rifle Club, to report for 
approval at a meeting called by order of the president. When 
this has been carried, the president should appoint the com- 
mittee. Other subjects can then be discussed or the meeting 
can be adjourned. 

While the club is nominally organized, it does not exist 
upon a proper basis until the constitution and by-laws are 
adopted. Then each one should signify his approval by 
voting, or signing the roll, and new members should be 
elected by ballot. 

The constitution and by-laws of rifle clubs are synonymous. 
Following is a simple form of constitution: 

Constitution of Smithville Rifle Association. 
article i. 

Name — The name of this organization shall be the Smith- 
ville Rifle Association. 

article II. 

Object— The object of this association shall be the encour- 
agement of rifle, revolver and pistol shooting. 

ARTICLE III. 

Membership — Any citizen of the United States may be- 
come a member of this association on vote of the executive 
committee and on paying the annual dues. 



82 American Rieleman's Encyclopedia. 



ARTICLE IV, 

Officers — The officers of this association shall be a presi- 
dent, vice-president and a secretary-treasurer, who, together 
with two other members of the association, shall constitute 
the executive committee. They shall all be elected by ballot 
at the annual meeting of the association, and hold office for 
one year, or until their successors are elected. 

article v. 

Duties of Officers — The president shall preside at all meet- 
ings of the association, and may call meetings of the asso- 
ciation at any time, one week's notice by mail being given 
of such meeting by the secretary-treasurer. The approval 
of the president shall be necessary on all bills before they 
are paid. 

The vice-president shall perform the duties of the presi- 
dent in the absence of the latter. 

The secretary-treasurer shall keep minutes of all meetings 
and take charge of the correspondence of the association. He 
shall receive all dues and pay all bills approved by the presi- 
dent, and keep account of all funds of the association. 

The executive committee shall have charge of the affairs of 
the association, shall elect members, and shall have power 
to accept, decline or issue challenges by a majority vote. 
Any member of the executive committee unable to be present 
at any meeting may vote by mail. 

article VI. 
Dues — The annual dues shall be one dollar, and shall be 
payable on election, and thereafter on the first day of January 
in every year. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Annual Meeting — There shall be an annual meeting in each 
year, at which meeting the election of officers and member's 
of the executive committee shall take place. Members not 
able to attend this meeting may send their ballots by mail 
to the secretary-treasurer, who shall deposit each ballot in the 
name of the absent member, and they shall be counted as if 
the member were present. Only members not in arrears for 
dues shall be entitled to vote. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Quorum — Ten members shall constitute a quorum for the 
transaction of business. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 83 

Following is a more elaborate form of by-laws. 

I. name and object. 
This association shall be called the Smithville Rifle Asso- 
ciation. Its object shall be rifle practice in . 

II. OFFICERS. 

The officers of this association shall consist of a president, 
two vice-presidents, a treasurer, a secretary, and a board of 
fifteen directors. The officers shall be chosen annually by 
ballot by the members of the association — with the exception 
of the president, who shall be chosen by the directors from 
their own number — and shall hold their oflfices for one year, 
and until others are chosen in their stead. The directors shall 
also choose a counsellor, executive officers, and statistical 
officers, to hold their offices during the pleasure of the board. 
III. management. 

1. The board of directors shall control the afifairs of the 
association, take cognizance of all infractions of the charter 
and by-laws, and fill vacancies which may occur in the offices 
of the association, until the time of the next annual meeting. 

2. A quorum of the board of directors shall consist of five 
members. 

3. The board of directors shall, for their government, from 
time to time, make by-laws, rules and regulations, and shoot- 
ing rules for the government of the association, not inconsist- 
ent with these by-laws. 

4. The interpretation of the rules and by-laws shall rest with 
the board of directors. 

5. Any director may at any time examine the records of 
the secretary, or inspect the accounts of the treasurer. 

6. The following standing committees, each to consist of 
three members, shall be elected by the directors, during the 
month of January, in each year, or as soon thereafter as may 
be: 

Finance committee, range committee, membership commit- 
tee, prize committee, team match committee. 

The directors shall also choose at the same time four mem- 
bers, who, with the president, shall constitute an executive 
committee. 

IV, DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 

I. The president of the association, or, in his absence, one 
of the vice-presidents, shall authorize the call of all meetings 



84 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

of the board of directors, and shall call special meetings of 
the association at the request of four of the board of directors, 
or of ten members of the association. He shall have the right, 
ex-officio, to be present at meetings of the committees. 

2. The secretary of the association shall notify each member 
of the board of directors of all its meetings, and each mem- 
ber of the association of every meeting of the association; 
issue all other authorized notices to members; post on the 
range a copy of all new rules made by the directors; make 
and keep a true record of all meetings of the directors and of 
the association; have custody of the books and papers and 
the corporate seal of the association, and conduct all cor- 
respondence. 

3. The treasurer shall collect and have charge of the funds 
of the association, and pay such bills as shall have been ap- 
proved by the finance committee. He shall keep account of 
his transactions, and make a detailed report thereof, with 
vouchers annexed, when required by the directors, and an 
annual report to the association at its annual meeting. He 
shall give bonds in such sum as shall be fixed by the 
directors. 

4. The statistical officer shall keep a record of the statistics 
of the association, and account and pay over to the treasurer, 
weekly, all moneys received by him, less his disbursements 
in the various matches of the association, with schedules giv- 
ing an itemized account of the same, and shall be accountable 
to the treasurer for all score cards, and other tickets received 
by him for the use of the association. He shall direct the 
services of the clerical employes at the meeting for competi- 
tion. 

5. The finance committee shall have the general supervision 
of the finances of the association. They shall, from time tg 
time, examine the accounts of the treasurer and statistical 
officer, and recommend such methods in keeping the same as 
may seem for the interest of the association. No obligations 
of the association, beyond those necessary for current wants, 
shall be made until the finance committee shall have con- 
sidered and reported upon the necessity and propriety of the 
plan proposed. 

6. The range committee shall have charge of the range, and 
all the property of the association connected therewith. They 
shall keep the range supplied by the purchase of all necessary 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 85 

articles for the use of the fange keeper and the markers. 
They shall audit all claims and bills against the association 
for labor on and supplies used at the range. But this com- 
mittee shall have no power to make contracts or purchases 
in the name of the association for anything more than the 
usual supplies, unless authorized by a formal vote of the board 
of directors. They shall appoint a range keeper, markers, 
and such other assistants as may be necessary, and direct their 
services. They shall require the range keeper to make returns 
of the property in his charge, which returns shall be examined 
and indorsed by the committee or its chairman, and presented 
to the board of directors. They shall make such temporary 
rules and regulations for the use of the grounds and the 
targets as shall seem necessary. They shall generally do and 
perform everything needful to protect the interests of the 
association and secure a successful management of the range. 
7. The executive committee shall have general supervision 
of the affairs of the association, not inconsistent with the 
powers and duties of other officers and committees as set 
forth, and shall report their action to the directors for ap- 
proval. They shall inquire into and report upon all infrac- 
tions of the rules and regulations of the association by any of 
its members, and recommend action thereon. 

V. THE board of DIRECTORS. 

1. The stated meetings of the board of directors shall be 
held on the first Tuesday of each month. Special meetings 
may be called at any time by the president, or, in his absence, 
by one of the vice-presidents, and shall be called by either of 
them upon the request of three members. 

2. All spcial committees for any purpose shall be appointed 
by the presiding officer, unless otherwise ordered. 

3. Any member of the board who shall, in its opinion, con- 
duct himself in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the 
association, may be removed from the board of directors by 
a two-thirds vote of all the members of the board, at any 
stated meeting, provided the member accused shall have, at 
least ten days previously, been personally notified, in writing, 
of the charges against him, and a hearing given him thereon 
at a stated meeting therein specified. 

4. Neglect on the part of any director to attend six suc- 
cessive meetings of the board shall be deemed a tender of the 
resignation of his office. But the board may excuse any 



86 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



member for such neglect, and, before his resignation is ac- 
cepted, under this by-law, the member in default must be 
specially notified of the same. 

VI. MEMBERSHIP. 

Any person giving his name, age and address, shall, upon 
paying the sum of ten dollars, become a member of the asso- 
ciation, subject to the right of the board of directors to reject 
his name and return his fee, in case they shall deem it re- 
quired by the interests of the association. 

VII. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MEMBERS. 

1. All members of the association shall be entitled to equal 
rights and privileges. 

2. All members shall subscribe to the by-laws. 

3. The annual dues shall be three dollars, payable in ad- 
vance, on the first day of January in each year, and if the dues 
of any member shall remain unpaid for three months there- 
after, said membership may be declared void by the board 
of directors. 

4. Any member who may refuse to pay any indebtedness to 
the association, on demand, shall forfeit his membership in 
the association, and cannot be reinstated in such membership 
except by vote of the board of directors, and payment of all 
arrears. 

6. No member shall be allowed to transfer his rights of 
membership. 

7. Any member whose conduct shall be pronounced, by 
vote of the board of directors, as endangering, or likely to 
endanger, the welfare, interest, or character of the associa- 
tion, shall forfeit his membership. Such vote shall not be 
taken without giving two weeks' notice to the offender of the 
charges made against him, and afifording him an opportunit5^ 
of being heard in his defense. 

8. Any member having complaints or suggestions to make 
as to the management of the association must do so, in 
writing, to the directors. 

9. No member shall take any property whatever belonging 
to the association from its rooms or grounds, except on the 
authority of a resolution of the directors. 

10. Any member wishing to resign shall make his resigna- 
tion, in writing, to the secretary. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 87 

11. All rights and interest of a member in the property 
and privileges of the association shall cease with the termina- 
tion of his membership. 

12. The scores made by the members shall be recorded in 
such manner as the board of directors s*hall, from time to 
time, prescribe. In case of a challenge given to, or received 
from, other marksmen, the representatives of the association 
shall be selected by the team committee, 

13. Non-members may be permitted to use the range under 
such restrictions, and on payment of such amount, as may be 
fixed by the board of directors. The range shall be free to 
members at such times as may be fixed by the board; at other 
times each shooting party must pay such rates of target hire 
as may be established by the board of directors. Provided, 
that no targets shall be let to shooting parties on match days 
of the association, except at the discretion of the executive 
officer. 

14. No betting shall be allowed on the grounds of the 
association. 

VIII. MEETINGS. 

1. The members of the association shall hold an annual 
meeting on the second Tuesday of January in each year, and 
such special meetings as may be called pursuant to these by- 
laws. If the annual meeting shall not take place at the time 
fixed, it shall be held as soon after as convenient, and the 
officers and directors, whose term of office shall have ex- 
pired, shall hold over until their successors shall have been 
appointed. 

2. Fifteen members present at a general or special meeting 
shall form a quorum for the transaction of business. 

IX. AMENDMENT OF THE BY-LAWS. 

Any proposition to amend these by-laws shall be submitted 
in writing, with the signature of the persons proposing the 
same, to the board of directors; the board shall consider it 
at their next meeting, and submit it to the association at its 
next meeting, notice being given to all members of the 
purport of the proposition. A two-thirds vote of all members 
present shall then be required for the adoption of the pro- 
posed amendment. 

For regulations governing competitions and building a rifle 
range, see under headings Rules and Rifle Ranges. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Rifle Case — A case for holding a rifle. 

Rifle Gallery — A term usually applied to an indoor rifle range. 
Rifle galleries for military shooting are generally built 
according to the leng h of the armory. This usually means 
from 50 to 100 yards. Rifle galleries for club and general 
rifle practice are usually from 30 to 100 feet in length. 




Firing Point of a Rifle Gallery. 

A rifle gallery is usually built as follows : If more than 
one range is \o be built it is desirable that they be con- 
structed side by side, and the firing points on one line. It 
is usual to separate the firing points from each other as 
shown in the accompanying illustration, which is that of the 
famous Zettler galiery of New York city. The range at 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



89 



the front end of the firing points is protected at the sides b}^ 
heavy timber, and these ranges being of such width that the 
shooter if accidentally discharging his rifle fires the bullet 
in a slanting direction, so that it, will do no damage. A 




Butt of Rifle Gallery, showing arrangement for holding target, 
lighting same, and stopping bullets. 

short distance from the firing point is the porthole through 
which the shot is fired, this being built somewhat in shape 



90 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia, 

of those of outdoor ranges. The arrangement at the butts 
is shown in the accompanying illustration. 

Lights are arranged about two feet in front of the target, 
and to one side of it. Back of the light is a reflector, which, 
when the gas is lighted, throws a strong light on the target. 

The most satisfactory arrangement for operating the 
target is the trolley system. By this arrangement a paper 
target unmounted is placed in a clamp, and by operating 
the handles the target is speedily carried to the butts, where 
it is brought into its place, and a wire pulled from the firing 
points which turns up the gas. By such an arrangement 
the target is distinctly seen by the marksman at the firing 
point. 

The butts are constructed as follows : An arrangement of 
sheet iron is first provided which is placed directly behind 
the target. A row of old gun barrels may be used for this 
purpose. In front of these a piece of joist about twelve 
inches deep is set end toward the firing point, and Over this 
a sheet of muslin is placed. When the shots are fired, if 
they strike the target, they pass through it and lodge in this 
butt. In time a hole will be made by the frequent shots 
striking in about the same place. The iron backing is pro- 
vided to check the bullets if the hole is worn through the 
joist before noticed. Into this hole a mass of lead will 
form, which will sometimes remain in an almost solid state, 
but occasionally it will become detached. To retard the 
wearing away of the butts, cotton waste or other soft 
material is frequently forced into the holes worn by the 
bullets. 

After the score has been shot the target may be brought 
to the firing point by the trolley. A fresh target placed in 
the clamp, and by the same means returned to the butts. 

Rifle Gallery Records — In the United States, rifle, revolver, 
and pistol shooting is conducted irregularly. Important 
contests are shot under the shooting rules followed in out- 
door contests, so far as practicable, but the rules as to 
distance and the size of the target are seldom observed. 
There is no national organization which makes rules for in- 
door shooting, consequently the distances are irregular, and 
the targets and counts widely different. As a result, com- 
parison of scores or keeping of records, is not attempted. 
The most important indoor rifle shooting records in the 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 0^ 

United States are those made in the annual competitions 
first held by the National Sportsmen's Association, at Madison 
Square Garden, New York. These events were widely adver- 
tised, and brought together in competition rifle shots of 
wide reputation, from different parts of the United States. 
When these matches were discontinued under the auspices of 
the National Sportsmen's Association, they were continued at 
the Zettler Rifle Gallery, New York, under practically similar 
conditions. The scores made in these matches are recog- 
nized as indoor rifle shooting records, as well as the 
championship they represent. Following are the Indoor 
Championship Rifle Records of the United States. Con- 
ditions: loo shots, offhand; distance, 75 to too feet, varying 
in different years; 25 ring target used at 200 yards reduced 
for indoor shooting. (See Records). 

Rifleman — A man who shoots a rifle. 

Rifle Range — A range, or place, where outdoor rifle shooting 
is practiced. In the United States most of the rifle ranges 
for match rifle shooting are for 200 yards only ; for military 
rifle shooting the range usually provides for shooting from 
100 to 600 yards, and when complete, the range is extended 
to 1,000 yards. 

A model rifle range should be built upon a level tract of 
ground. It is an advantage to have this tract surrounded 
by high hills, and there should be no ravines or gullies ex- 
tending across the range. It is desirable to place the 
targets at the north, in order that sun may not shine in the 
face of the shooter. The ocean for a background for the 
targets is best, but if no natural barrier is behind the targets 
an artificial one should be erected. Rifle ranges are usually 
adjacent to some town or city, and to make them safe it is 
frequently necessary to erect barriers, or guards, at dif- 
ferent points of the range. Where the country is thickly 
settled a range may be made safe by erecting barriers with 
portholes, through which the shots are fired. These portholes 
are of such shape and size that if a wild shot is made, it is 
caught in the barrier and danger averted. These barriers 
are made by placing heavy posts in the ground to which are 
nailed two sets of boards about one foot apart, the inter- 
stices between the boards being filled with rocks. Usually 
one well made barrier is sufficient for 200 yard shooting, 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



93 



but sometimes it is thought desirable to erect more than 
one between the firing point and the targets. When the 
long range firing points are behind those of the shorter 
ranges it is desirable to erect a barrier in front of the long 
range firing points, then the bullet from an accidental 
discharge may be caught in the barriers, and not reach the 
firing points in front. These barriers usually destroy the 
rural effect of a rifle range, but are regarded as necessary 
for a modern well appointed range. In building a rifle 
range an effort should be made to secure the firing points all 
on one line, thus avoiding a source of danger. 

After the ground has been selected, measure accurately the 
distance at which the shooting is to be done. The measure- 
ments should be made with a steel tape line, and the work is 
best performed by an engineer. Stake off the different 
distances. 

The pits should then be constructed, in front of which the 

targets are set. The pits 
for the marker should be 
constructed a s follows : 
If the soil permits it is 
best to dig into the ground 
some six feet. Drive posts 
in front of the pit, build- 
ing up a butt not less than 
ten feet deep at the base, 
and six feet deep at the 
top. The pit, including 
the protecting butt, 
should be at least eight 
feet from the bottom to 
the top. At the back part 
of the pit should be 
erected one or more sashes 
similar to those of a 
window, according to the 
number o f targets de- 
sired. A target frame is 
constructed which should 
^e fitted into the sash so 
it can be raised or lowered 
at will by the marker in 
Interior of a Rifle Pit. the pit. A target frame 




94 ^American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

should first be covered with a coarse gunny cloth, over this 
tack muslin on which is pasted the paper target. Paper 
targets are superior to all others for safety and accuracy. 

The bottom of the pit should be covered with stones or 
asphalted, gutters should be provided, so the pit may be 
kept dry. At the sides of the pit stakes should be driven, 
over which boards should be placed to prevent the earth 
from falling into the pit. The top of the pit should be 
partly covered, and arrangements made for wholly covering 
when the targets are not in use. 

A wind dial (See Wind Dial) should be placed at such a 
point in the range that it can be seen by all the men at the 
firing points. It is also desirable that flag poles be erected 
at such points on the range as may indicate the direction 
of the wind. To these poles streamers are usually attached. 

Inside the pit there should be a set of marking disks to 
enable the marker to spot the location of the shots. (See 
Marking Disks). It is customary to use a dial clock to 
indicate the value of shots when match rifle shooting is con- 
ducted, but in military rifle shooting, and especially at the 
longer ranges, the value of the shot is usually indicated by 
a marking disk. 

On many of the rifle ranges of the United States a 
revolver and pistol range is often an adjunct. These can 
be constructed the same as the rifle pits. 
Rifle Shooting Rules — (See Rules). 

Rim-fire — A term applied to a cartridge fired by a blow on 
the rim of the head of the cartridge. Rim-fire rifle or pistol, 
one that is fired by a rim-fire cartridge. 

Ringed Barrel — A ring cavity in a rifle barrel caused by firing 
a rifle with an exaggerated air chamber, or space between 
the bullet and the powder. 

Rocky Mountain Sight — (See Sight). 

Rolling a Rifle — Rolling the rifle to one side or the other 
while aiming ; not holding it plumb, the result of which is 
to send the shots in the direction in which the rifle is rolled. 
Same as canting a rifle. 

Rosin — A resinous gum sometimes used by riflemen to rub the 
inside of hands, with the idea of preventing the slipping of 
a rifle. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 95 

Round Bullet— (See Bullet). 
Rubber Buttplate — (See Buttplate). 

Rules — Following are the rifle shooting rules of the National 
Rifle Association of America. 

RANGE OFFICERS. 

(i) The Executive Officer shall have control^ of the 
range for the conduct of the matches, and his decision shall 
be final. 

(2) All Range Officers will report to the Executive Offi- 
cer, at his Headquarters, each morning of the meeting at 8 
o'clock, 

(3) The Range Officers will supervise the marking and 
scoring; they will see that the competitors do not evade any 
of the regulations; they will test the trigger pull of the rifles 
used by competitors and inspect the ammunition before the 
beginning of all matches, and will certify on the score cards 
to the scores made, after verifying same with the black- 
board (no scores will be allowed unless recorded on a black- 
board by the scorer as shot). 

(4) In individual matches. Range Officers will certify 
to the scores made as soon as finished at each range, and will 
date same. In case competitor desires to continue match, the 
Range Officer will accompany him to the next longest range 
and see that he is properly started. 

(5) When a match is finished, either team or individual, 
a Range Officer must verify the score or scores on the score 
card with the blackboard and see that they agree; he will 
then certify to the score card and turn same into the Sta- 
tistical Officer. 

SCORING AND MARKING, 

(6) The scorekeepers will be seated close to and in the 
rear of the firing point stakes, and will, as each shot is sig- 
naled, announce in an audible tone the name of the competitor 
and the value of the shot, marking same on the blackboard 
and competitor's card. At the conclusion of the score of 
each competitor the scorekeeper will repeat his name and 
total score, and request a Range Officer to verify the black- 
board and score card. 

(7) Competitors must pay attention to the score as an- 
nounced and recorded, so that any error may be promptly 
investigated. 



96 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

(8) The recorded value of any shot will not be changed 
after the following shot has been fired, unless some special 
message with reference to it is received from one of the 
Range Officers in the pit. 

(9) Any alteration of a scoring card must be witnessed 
by the officer in charge of the firing point and indorsed with 
his initials. 

(10) If just as a shot is fired the target is withdrawn 
from the firing position, the scorer at that firing point will 
at once report the fact to one of the Range Officers, who, if 
upon investigation is satisfied that the case is as represented, 
will direct that the shot fired be not counted and the com- 
petitor fire another shot. 

(11) All shots fired by the competitor after he has taken 
his place at firing point, in his turn to fire — the target being 
ready — will be counted on his score. 

(12) Shots fired upon the wrong target will be entered 
upon the score of the competitor firing as a miss. 

(13) If two shots strike the target at the same or nearly 
the same time, the hit having the highest of the two values 
signaled will be entered in the competitor's score, and no rec- 

^ord made of the other hit. 

(14) During the shooting of all team competitions, a 
Range Officer shall be detailed to the pit at each distance, 
who shall remain in the pit until the firing at that distance is 
finished. One representative from each team shall be selected 
by the team captain at each distance (before the drawing of 
the targets for that distance), who shall receive from the Ex- 
ecutive Officer a card directing him to remain in the target 
pit during the firing at the distance about to be begun. The 
representatives from the various teams in the target pit will 
call to the attention of the Range Officer in the pit any 
irregularity of marking or other matter deemed by them 
necessary, and the decision of the Range Officer on the spot, 
as to the matter complained of, will be final and binding. 

(15) Any objection to the scoring of a shot as signaled, 
or to one not signaled, must be made before another shot 
shall have been fired on the same target. 

(16) The marking for all firing, with the exception of 
that on the schuetzen and revolver ranges, will be conducted 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 97 

as follows: The marker will signal the result of all shots 
striking the target, to the firing point: — 

If a bullseye, with a white disk. 

If a center, with a red disk. 

If an inner, with a black and white disk. 

If an outer, with a black disk. 

If a ricochet, by displaying the ricochet flag, and if 
the target is hit, by placing over the shot hole the appro- 
priate disk. (Ricochet flags will be white with red cen- 
ters.) 

(17) The exact location of all bullet holes will be marked 
by a spotter, which will be shown on the target after the 
next shot. 

ORDER OF FIRING. 

(18) The squads of competitors in team matches will be 
stationed at least 5 yards in rear of the firing points, where 
each competitor must remain until called by the Team Cap- 
tain to take his position. 

(19) In competitions or matches embracing more than 
one distance the firing will be commenced at the shortest 
distance, and be followed in ®rder by each of the longer dis- 
tances, the firing at the longest range being held last. Com- 
petitors must be present at the firing points punctually at the 
time or in the order stated on their score cards; but Team 
Captains may change the order of firing of the members of 
their teams if desired. 

(20) In all team competitions the competitors will place 
themselves at the firing point by twos, and will fire alter- 
nately, the odd numbers of each pair being on the right and 
firing first; in individual matches, competitors may shoot 
either singly or in pairs. 

HOURS OF FIRING. 

(21) Assembly will be sounded and firing begun at 8 
o'clock A. M., and Cease Firing will be sounded at 6 p. m., 
unless otherwise ordered by the Executive Officer. 

(22) The hours for team firing, having been once deter- 
mined and announced, will not be changed except by the 
unanimous consent of the Team Captains. 

(23) The range will be closed for an hour in the middle 
of the day for lunch. 



98 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

TRIGGER PULL. 

(24) The minimum trigger pull for all magazine military 
rifles, .30 caliber or less, will be 4^2 pounds; other military 
lifles, 6 pounds, unless otherwise provided for. 

SIGHTS. 

(25) The aiming notch, or the aperture of the slide may 
be slightly widened or opened to accommodate individual pe- 
culiarities of eyesight, but no other alteration or filing of the 
regular service sights, or the use of spirit levels, will be per- 
mitted. The front or rear sights may, however, be whitened, 
blackened or colored, according to the judgment of the com- 
petitor. The use, in aiming, of orthoptic eye-pieces and tele- 
scopic sights will not be allowed, unless specially provided for 
in the conditions of the match. 

DRAWING FOR TARGETS. 

(26) Targets in fixed distance team firing will be drawn 
at each range by Team Captains. 

(27) Targets for skirmish firing, where teams run to- 
gether, will be drawn by competitors immediately preceding 
the commencement of the runs. In skirmish competitions by 
teams, targets will be assigned by a Range Officer. 

(28) No two competitors from the same team shall be 
allowed to skirmish on adjoining targets in skirmish compe- 
titions where teams run together. 

TIME LIMIT. 

(29) Competitors in team matches will not be hurried 
in their firing, but such delay permitted after each shot 
as they may desire, provided the time of firing the total 
score at all distances in each match does not exceed an av- 
erage of one shot per minute. This time may be extended 
by the Executive Officer in his discretion. 

(30) If any accident to a target, or any other cause oyer 
which the competitor has no control, prevents the completion 
of his score within a reasonable interval, he will be per- 
mitted such additional time as a Range Officer may decide. 

(31) All unavoidable delays in team matches will be 
noted on the blackboard and score cards by a Range Officer, 
and deducted from the total time. 

COACHING. 

(32) Except in team matches, no coaching or communi- 
cation of any kind with those firing will be permitted. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 99 

(SS) In team matches, at each firing point there will be 
permitted one team captain, one coach and one spotter, who 
may give to the members of their teams such advice or di- 
rections as they may think proper, except that in competitive 
skirmish firing where teams run together, no coach will be 
permitted. 

(34) In skirmish competitions by teams, the teams will 
run under the command of the team captain, who may coach 
his men on the run. A Range Officer will accompany each 
team to see that the conditions of the match are not violated. 

SIGHTING SHOTS. 

(35) No sighting or warming shots will be allowed in 
any match or competition, except on a pool target. 

TIES. 

(36) Ties will be decided as follows: 

A. In individual shooting, at known distances: 

1. When the firing takes place at more than one 
distance, by the total score made at the longest 
distance, and if still a tie. and there be three or 
more distances in the competition, by the total 
score at the second distance, and so on for each 
of the successive distances. 

2. By the fewest misses in the entire score. 

3. By the fewest outers in the entire score. 

4. By the fewest inners in the entire score. 

5. If still a tie, by inverse order of shots, counting 
singly from the last to the first. 

6. By firing single shots at the longest range. 

B. In team shooting at known distances: 

1. By the aggregate of the total scores made at the 
different distances in inverse order. 

2. By the fewest misses in the entire score. 

3. By the fewest outers in the entire score. 

4. By the fewest inners in the entire score. 

5. By the totals, for the team, of the final shot of 
each competitor. 

6. By the totals, for the team, of these successive 
closing shots, in inverse order. 

When ties are to be divided, it must be so stated in the 
conditions of the match. 

..ofQ. 



loo American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



CARBINE HANDICAP. 

{^7) In all team matches the carbine will be allowed a 
handicap of: 

9^ of a point in strings of 5, at 200 and 300 yards. 
^ of a point in strings of 7, at 200 and 300 yards. 
% of a point in strings of 10, at 200 and 300 yards. 
^ of a point in strings of 5, at 500 and 600 yards. 

1 point in strings of 7, at 500 and 600 yards. 

1% points in strings of 10, at 500 and 600 yards. 

2 points in strings of 10, at 800, 900 and 1,000 yards. 

PROTESTS. 

(38) Protests and objections must not be directly sub- 
mitted to the Executive OfBcer, but to one of the Range 
Officers. In case a competitor considers the decision of the 
latter unwarranted by the facts as presented, he may appeal 
to the Executive Officer. Final appeals from his decision 
must be made in writing and forwarded through that officer 
to the Executive Committee of the Association. 

CHALLENGES. 

(39) If a competitor desires to challenge his shot just 
fired, either for alleged incorrect marking or from failure of 
any record from the pit of such shot, he must pay fifty cents. 
If -competitor's challenge is sustained, the money will be re- 
turned to him. 

PENALTIES. 

(40) No two competitors shall in any match or com- 
petition use the same rifle, unless it is a special condition of 
the match, nor shall a competitor change his rifle during any 
competition, unless it has become unserviceable, which fact 
must be verified by a Range Officer. Wilful violation of this 
regulation will warrant the Executive Officer (in his discre- 
tion) in excluding the competitor from further competition. 

(41) Any person, whether a competitor or not, inter- 
fering with any of the firing squads, or annoying them in any 
way, will be warned to desist, and if he repeats the offense 
he will be at once ordered off the range grounds. 

(42) Any competitor 

(a) who shall fire in a manner other than that un- 
der which he entered, or who, shall fire twice for the same 
prize, unless permitted by the conditions of the competition 
to do so: 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



(b) who shall be guilty of any conduct considered 
by the Executive Committee to be discreditable; 

(c) who shall be guilty of falsifying his score or 
being accessory thereto; 

(d) who shall offer a bribe of any kind to any em- 
ploye or other person; 

(e) who shall be detected in an evasion of the con- 
ditions prescribed for the conducting of any match; 

(f) who shall refuse to obey any instructions of the 
Executive Ofhcer or a Range Officer; 

(g) who shall be guilty of disorderly conduct or 
being intoxicated, shall, upon the offense being proved to 
the satisfaction of the Executive Committee, forfeit all his 
entrance fees, be forever disqualified from competing at any 
time in the meetings of the Association, and shall not be 
entitled to have any prize won by him at the time or meet- 
ing awarded to him, 

ENTRIES. 

(43) Entry tickets must be marked with the purchaser's 
name at the time of the purchase; they may be transferred 
to another name with the consent of the Executive Officer; 
any erasure or substitution of a purchaser's name on a ticket, 
not made by the Statistical Officer, will forfeit the ticket. 

(44) All entries made in individual matches after the 
opening of the meeting will be Post-Entries. No exception 
will be made to the post-entry penalty. 

(45) No entrance fees will be refunded unless the com- 
petitor is prevented by sickness from appearing on the range, 
and then only on order of the Executive Officer. 

(46) Team Captains can expedite matters by securing 
from the Statistical Office hlank forms of entry in advance 
and having them filled out with the names of the team, which 
should be written plainly and in full, with military rank, if 
any. 

(47) Entry tickets for individual matches will not be ex- 
changed under any circumstances. 

cleaning. 

(48) In all matches, rifles may be cleaned upon the com- 
pletion of a score; in competitions at more than one distance 
cleaning will be permitted between distances. Cleaning will 
be allowed between shots when it is so specified in the con- 
ditions of the match. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



POSITIONS. 

(49) The following positions only will be permitted in 
competitive firing: At 200 yards, the standing position, the 
body and arm being free from any artificial support; at 300 
yards, sitting or kneeling; at 500 yards and 600 yards, prone, 
with head toward target; 800, 900 and 1,000 yards, any. The 
use of the strap as a sling permitted only at 500, 600, 800, 900 
and 1,000 yards. 

SKIRMISH FIRING. 

(50) In skirmish competitions where teams run together, 
each competitor will fire twenty shots, 700 to 200 yards and 
back, ten halts (five advancing and five retiring), thirty 
seconds' firing interval at each halt. 

Any position for firing will be permitted. The competi- 
tors assigned to each group will form in line in rear of 
the 700-yard firing point, with twenty cartridges in their belts, 
no additional cartridges being carried upon the person, and 
at the signal, "Skirmishers, Attention!" will come to atten- 
tion; at the command or signal, "Forward, Guide Center, 
March!" the line will advance, first at quick, and then, at the 
proper command or signal, at double time, until the command 
or signal, "Skirmishers, Halt!" which will be immediately 
followed by the command or signal, "Commence Firing!" 
when the sights will be adjusted to the estimated distance, 
the rifle or carbine loaded, and the position for firing assumed. 
After the last note of the signal, "Commence Firing!" firing 
will be commenced, and will be continued for an interval of 
thirty seconds, each competitor to fire at least one shot at 
each halt, until his ammunition is expended. At the expira- 
tion of the thirty-second interval, the last note of the signal, 
"Cease Firing!" will be sounded. 

After each halt for firing, the line will advance in the same 
manner as before the first fire, at quick and then at double 
time, until the succeeding halt is ordered. 

Having approached sufficiently near the 200-yard firing 
point, the signal, "To the Rear, March!" will be given, when 
the maneuvering to the rear and firing will continue, as upon 
the advance. The rifles will be carried on either shoulder; 
when maneuvering to the rear, muzzles always toward the 
targets. Five halts will be made advancing and five retiring. 

Silhouette targets D, E and F will be used, arranged in 
line with a distance of not less than three yards between cen- 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 103 

ters, corresponding to the intervals between the skirmishers. 
one group being assigned to each man. The skirmisher may 
fire on either target of the group. A hit in any portion of 
the group, whether from direct or ricochet fire, will be 
counted three in target D (standing figure), four in target 
E (kneeling figure), and five in target F (lying figure). Five 
points will be deducted from each competitor's score for each 
failure to fire at least one shot at each halt, until his ammuni- 
tion is expended, and for each shot fired before the last note 
of the signal, "Commence Firing!" or after the last note of 
the signal, "Cease Firing'" has been sounded. 

Every cartridge lost after the advance is commenced will 
be considered a miss; a cartridge which fails to explode will 
be replaced by a Range Officgr with a new one. 

If a rifle becomes disabled, the competitor will at once 
submit the piece for inspection to the nearest Range Offiicer, 
and not wait until the run is over. 

The Range Ofiicer will at once determine whether the 
rifle is unserviceable, and if so, the incomplete score will not 
be considered, but the competitor will be permitted to make 
another run. 

All protests relative to rulings of Range Officers must be 
made during the run, or before the succeeding run has com- 
menced. 

(51) In skirmish competitions where teams run as teams, 
the Team Captain will direct the firing of the team, under the 
supervision of a Range Officer. 

The targets for this firing will be the silhouette targets, D, 
E and F, arranged by placing a kneeling figure on the right 
flank of the line of figures, followed by a standing and then a 
lying figure, repeating this arrangement until there are as 
many groups as there are competitors on the team. The 
figures will be at equal intervals; that between the centers of 
any two consecutive standing figures being 3 yards; adjacent 
figures, I yard between centers. 

Each competitor shall fire 15 shots, 600 yards to 200 yards 
and back; seven halts. 

The advance of the team will be at quick time until a 
distance of about 500 yards from the targets is reached, when 
a halt will be ordered and one volley fired in the manner laid 
down in the drill regulations of the U. S. Army; for this 
voHey, the competitors will take the kneeling position, For 



I04 American Rieleman's Encyclopedia. 

the firing at this, as at all other halts, the pieces will be 
loaded from the belt, and not until the halt has been ordered. 
The advance will then be resumed, first at quick and then at 
double time, until a distance of about 400 yards from the 
targets has been reached, when a halt will be ordered, and 
two volleys fired, as before, the competitors for this volley 
taking the prone position. In a similar manner the advance 
will be continued, three volleys being fired at about 300 
yards and three volleys at about 200 yards, the competitors 
for all this firing taking the prone position. The commands 
for more than one volley will be those prescribed in the Drill 
Regulations of the U. S. Army for firing a limited number of 
rounds at will. The retreat will then be ordered, and con- 
ducted in the same order as the, advance. After the last vol- 
ley the team will continue on to the 600 yards' firing point 
and assemble. The targets will then be examined and the 
hits recorded. The aggregate value of all the hits in all the 
figures will b> the score for the team. 

The time allowance will be 15 minutes from the time the 
team leaves the 600 yards' firing point until the return to that 
point, which time will be taken by a Range Officer detailed 
for that purpose. 



RULES GOVERNING REVOLVER and PISTOL SHOOT- 
ING, as adopted by the United States Revolver Association, 
are as follows: 

(52) In all matches, when not otherwise mentioned, 
either the single shot pistol, magazine pistol or revolver will 
be permitted upon equal conditions; but if matches call for 
any particular arm, the shooting must be done with that 
arm. 

For classification of revolvers and pistols, see Arms, para- 
graph 62. 

Trigger Pull — The minimum trigger pull shall be 4 
pounds for military revolver; 2>2 pounds for any revolver; 4 
pounds for magazine pistol; 2^ pounds for pocket revolver, 
and 2 pounds for any pistol. 

Sights — The front and rear sights must be open; the notch 
of a rear sight, to be considered open, must be as wide 
at the top of the notch as at any part; no aperture or peep 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 105 

sights,^ nor any manner of covered sights shall be permitted. 
On military revolver and on pocket revolver the front and 
the rear sights must be fixed. On other revolvers and on any 
pistol a lateral sliding bar or wind gauge may be used on front 
or rear open sight, also any elevating front or rear open sight. 
Front and rear sights on any revolver and any pistol must 
not be more than ten inches apart. The use of a notch for a 
front sight will not be permitted. Sights may be smoked 
or blackened in any desired manner. Sights on military re- 
volvers shall not be altered, with the exception that the front 
sight may be lowered or the notch in the rear sight widened; 
filing, so as to form a bead, will not be permitted. 

Ammunition — If factory ammunition is called for, it shall 
be of any make, of any established manufacturer, generally 
procurable in stores and brought to ths shooting point in un- 
broken boxes, with the label of the manufacturer intact. 

Cleaning — In match shooting competitors may clean their 
arms between scores or between series of shots, provided 
such cleaning does not delay the firing beyond the limit pro- 
vided for in the conditions of the match. In case of accident, 
the time may be extended, in the discretion of the Executive 
Officer. 

In matches confined to revolvers, the cylinder must be 
fully charged, or a sufficient number of chambers charged 
to complete the score or series. With magazine pistols, the 
magazine must be fully charged or contain sufficient car- 
tridges to complete the score or series. Blowing into the 
muzzle or cleaning the barrel in any way will not be per- 
mitted, except when the cylinder is completely discharged or 
the magazine is empty. 

Loading and Firing — No arms shall be loaded except 
at the firing point, the muzzle of the piece being kept in the 
direction of the target till the arm is either discharged or 
unloaded. 

Misfires — Shall not count; but an accidental discharge 
shall, in every instance, be scored a shot. 

In case of a misfire or a revolver becoming disabled dur- 
ing a string where there is a time limit for the string, the 
competitor may submit his weapon for inspection to a Range 
Officer, who, if he finds a misfire has occurred or the weapon 
is disabled, shall cancel all shots fired in the string and allow 



io6- American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

the competitor a new string. No shot which leaves the muz- 
zle of the weapon shall count as a misfire. 

Position — The position shall be as follows: Standing, free 
from any artificial support, the pistol or revolver held in one 
hand only, with the arm extended free from the body, and 
unsupported in any way. 

Targets — See Paragraph 64. 

Marking and Scoring — Unless otherwise provided for by 
the arrangements of the range on which the competitions are 
held, each competitor shall have a separate target provided, 
and shall fire his score throughout, when the target will be 
examined by the scorer and the score recorded. 

Value of Shots — If a bullet touches a line, the count of 
that line is given; shots on or within that line count the same. 
The eye alone shall determine the count. Placing a bullet 
or other article in the shot hole or touching the shot holes in 
any way is. not permitted. 

Revolvers and pistols must be loaded only at the firing 
point, and must be broken open and all shells removed be-, 
fore leaving the firing point. 

GENERAL. 

(53) During the progress of the matches or competi- 
tions no one except the of^cers on duty at the range, the 
competitors and the scorekeepers will be permitted within 
the ropes without special permission of a Range Officer. 

(54) No expressions on the part of competitors of ap- 
probation or disappointment, with reference to any scores 
made by themselves or others, must be uttered loud enough 
to be heard at the firing points. 

(55) During the meeting no one except the officers on 
duty and the markers will be permitted in the target pits 
without the special permission of the Executive Officer. 

(56) Competitors who make entry for any match will be 
ruled out and will forfeit their entrance fees, if not on the 
range at the hour designated for the match. 

(57) Military competitors will wear the prescribed fatigue 
uniform of their organization. The use of any hat or cap 
will be permitted. 

(58) In case any member of a team becomes ill during 
the shooting, th? Executive Officer may, in his discretion, 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 107 

upon certificate of the Post Surgeon, permit a substitution 
of a reserve member of the same team in place of the one 
taken ill. 

(59) Bullseye tickets not presented within ten days, and 
prizes not claimed within thirty days after having been won, 
shall be forfeited to the Association. 

(60) In case a rifle becomes disabled during the progress 
of a match it must be submitted to a Range Officer, who shall 
decide whether the competitor shall have the privilege of 
using another rifle. 

(61) Competitors must submit their rifles for inspection 
whenever required by a Range Officer. 

ARMS. 

Rifles. 

team matches. 

(62) In all military team matches the following arms only 
will be used, unless otherwise provided for in special con- 
ditions: 

A. — The U. S. Army magazine rifle and carbine, .30 caliber. 

B. — The Springfield rifle and carbine, .45 caliber, 3 groove. 

C. — Any rifle adopted by and generally issued to the or- 
ganized militia of any State, certificate of which must be fur- 
nished by the Adjutant-General of the State. 

D. — The Lee magazine rifle, .236 caliber, and the Lee rifle, 
.45 caliber, may be used by teams only from the U. S. Navy 
and the Naval Reserve of the various States. 

No alteration of any kind to the above described arms will 
be allowed, with the exception of that provided for in Para- 
graph No. 25. 

INDIVIDUAL matches. 

The rifles and carbines allowed in competitions are as 
follows: 

1. Any military rifle. 

2. Sporting rifle. 

3. Any rifle. 

And must comply with the following conditions: 

Any Military — Any military rifle which has been adopted 
by any State or Government for the armament of its troops, 
chambered for and using the standard ammunition. 



io8 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Sporting Rifle — Any rifle weighing not more than ten 
pounds; minimum pu-11 of trigger, three pounds; sights of any 
description, except telescopic and magnifying. 

Any Rifle — No restriction as to weight, caHber, sights or 
trigger pull, except that rifles with less than two pounds' 
trigger pull must be provided with safety lock. 

REVOLVER. 

Classification of Arms — A — Military revolver; B — Any re- 
volver; C — Pocket revolver; D — Magazine pistol; E — Any 
pistol. 

Definition — Mihtary Revolver: A — A revolver that has been 
adopted by any Government for armament of its army or 
navy, and by any State for its organized Militia. The trigger 
and stock may be checked, but wrapping the stock will not be 
allowed. 

B — Any revolver: A revolver of any caliber, maximum 
weight, three pounds; maximum length of bore, including 
cylinder, lo inches. 

C — Pocket revolver: A revolver of .32 or .38 caliber; max- 
imum weight, 25 ounces; maximum length of barrel, exclu- 
sive of cylinder, 4 inches. 

D — Magazine pistol: A pistol with a magazine other than 
a revolving magazine; maximum length of bore, 10 inches. 

E — Any pistol: Any breech or muzzleloading pistol; maxi- 
mum weight, three pounds; Maximum length of bore, 10 
inches. 

ammunition. 

(63) Team Matches — In all team matches, when not 
otherwise provided, the fixed Government ammunition as 
issued by the Government will be used, the same to be de- 
livered at the range in unbroken, original packages, direct 
from the Government or State arsenals. If desired, such am- 
munition may be purchased at the range in original pack- 
ages. 

Individual Matches — In individual matches (Schuetzen 
excepted), any ammunition may be used, unless otherwise 
specified, provided such ammunition is fixed ammunition, 
i. e., shell crimped sufficiently to keep the bullet — which must 
be inserted in the shell deep enough to cover the grooves — 
firmly in place. 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 109 



1^ >": 



liv 



V. 



King Powder Co. BJack Powder Plant, King's JMills, Ohio. 




King Powder Co. Smokeless Powder Plant, King's Mills, Ohio, 



no American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Running Deer Target — (See Target). 

s 

Sabot — The covering of a jprojectile in whole or in part, to 
take the rifling. A sabot is applied to a projectile smaller 
than the bore of the arm, to secure a spinning motion to the 
projectile. In this case it is usually of wood. A sabot is 
also in the form of a soft metal attached to a hard pro- 
jectile made so as to take the rifling. 

Safety Bolt — A bolt that locks a cocked rifle. 

Schaick System— A method of rifling employed by George 
Schalck, a Pennsylvania gunsmith, now deceased. 

Schuetzen Buttplate — (See Swiss Buttplate). 

Schuetzen Rifle — A rifle for target shooting. Originally used 
chiefly by German, Swiss, and Italian target shooters ; now 
very generally adopted by target shooters in the United 
States. 

Score — A prescribed number of shots in a match, or in 
practice. 

Score Board — A board used by the scorer to hold the score 
cards. 

Score Card — A card upon which the shooter's score is re- 
corded. The best form is illustrated. The score card should 
be supplied, and kept in duplicate ; at the conclusion of the 
score one copy should be given to the shooter, the other 
kept for the club record. 

Scorer — The person who scores, or records, the value of shots 
in target shooting. 

Scraper — (See Shell Scraper). 

Scum — The extraneous matter that floats on top of molten 
lead; dross. 

Sear — A notch in a hammer of a rifle lock into which the 
spring falls when the rifle is cocked. 

Sear Spring — The spring of a gun lock which holds the 
hammer cocked. 

Self-acting — A form of mechanism which, one part when 
operated causes another part to act ; double acting. 

Self-cocking — A mechanism that leaves the arm at full cock 
by closing the action. 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 



Ill 



Serf-lubricating Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Semi-smokeless Powder — (See Powder). 

Set Trigger — A trigger that is set to secure a lighter pull off. 
This is usually accomplished by employing a second trigger 
to a rifle which, after the rifle is cocked, is pressed ; this 
operation partly releases the regular trigger, making it a 
very light pull off. This is sometimes done by pressing the 
trigger forward after cocking the rifle. The term is fre- 
quently used synonymously with hair trigger. 

97^aich 7^0, » 

T/ame 



234567 



9 10 TOTAL. 



^aie 



Scorer, 



PERFORATION 



9^afeA. 



9^0. 



T^an 
























I 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


TOTAL. 

























^aie Scorer. 

Form of Score Card. 

Shell — A case, usually metallic in rifle ammunition, which 
contains the primer, or priming, the powder, and the lead. 
Straight shell — ^bottle neck — taper shells — are constructed in 
shape as the names indicate. (See Cartridge). 

Shell Scraper — A tool for scraping the residue, or fouling, 
from inside a metallic shell. 



112 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Shoot-off — A term generally used to mean the settlement of 

a tie by firing more shots to further test skill or decide 

supremacy. 
Short Range — The short distances at which a rifle is shot, in 

outdoor range shooting this usually means 200 yards. 

Sometimes it includes 100, 200, and 300 yard ranges. 

Shotgun Butt — A butt as is usually found on a shotgun. 

Sights — Rifle Sights — Devices in various forms to aid the 
rifleman in shooting a rifle accurately. There is a great 
variety of rifle sights ; they may be classified as follows : 

Open Sights — Used generally on military and hunting 
rifles. Among the open front sights are the following: 
Plain open sights, open bead front sight, barley corn sights 
(mil), silver tipped front sight, ivory bead front sight, knife 
blade front sight. Front open sights are sometimes made 
of white metal, but have not given satisfaction; bone or 
ivory sights are too brittle for service. Rear open sights 
are usually affixed to the barrel. There are many varieties. 
The simplest form is a plain bar ; there are, too, plain bar 
sights, with a distinguishing, line in the center, or with a 
notch, V-shaped, or semi-circular in shape. Then follow 
leaf sights, with one or more flaps ; elevating sights, which 
are raised by being tipped up on end, raised by notches, or 
steps, or sometimes by a screw. The bar of an elevating 
rear open sight may be made to move sideways by a sliding 
bar, or by a screw movement, by which lateral motion, 
windage is secured ; this windage is not considered neces- 
sary for hunting or military rifles, unless they be used for 
target shooting. 

Combination Sights — These are found in front and rear 
sights. A combination front sight is usually made to 'tip 
forward or back, one movement giving one style of sight, 
the other another. These combinations consist of an open 
sight and an aperture sight, a pin head and an open sight, an 
ivory bead, and black bead. A combination rear barrel 
sight frequently consists of an open and peep sight. 

Aperture Sight — A front sight having an aperture. 

Bead Sight — A front rifle sight, the apex of which is so 
shaped that it has the appearance of a bead when used in 
aiming. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 113 

BucKHORN Sight — A form of rear open sight used in hunt- 
ing rifles. 

Buffington Sight — A military sight bearing the inventor's 
name. Used on U. S. Springfield rifle, caliber .45. 

Electric Sight — Sights illuminated by an electric spark. 

Express Sight — Usually low leaf sights for an express rifle. 

Heel Sight — A sight attached to the rear part of the stock i 
of a rifle, used for long range target shooting with a match 
rifle. 

Knife Blade Sight — A sight resembling a knife blade. 

Open Sights — Sights that are not covered by a hood, or 
secured by a hole. 

Pin Head Sight — A front sight shaped like a pin head. 

Rear Sight — The sight on the rear of a rifle; it may be 
on the barrel, or on the tang. 

Rocky Mountain Sight — A form of rear open sight. 

Tang Sight — Sights are affixed to the tang to bring them 
nearer the eye. They consist of the well known Lyman 
sights for hunting rifles, and Vernier sights, capable of fine 
adjustment for target shooting, generally used in connection 
with a wind gauge front sight. This latter sight is usually 
screwed into a base which is fitted into a slot, and the wind 
gauge supplied with aperture or pin head sight screwed into 
the base above referred to. 

Vernier and Wind Gauge Sight — Is a combination rear 
target sight with the vernier for elevation, and the wind 
gauge for correcting force of wind. The Remington Co. at 
one time made a few such sights (now discontinued). The 
Soule sight is perhaps the most popular sight of this class. 

Sighting — A term used synonymously with aiming. There is 
a fine diiference, however. Sighting is less specific in its 
meaning. You can sight without aiming. Sight may mean 
to glance along a barrel ; aim to sight along, or over the 
barrel, and aim at an object. Sighting a rifle. (See Sight- 
ing Up). 

Sighting Shot — Shots fired to learn if the sights are correct, 
or learn the elevations, windage, or drift of a rifle. 

Sighting Up— (See Sighting Shot). 



114 American !^ifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Sight Protector — A cov6r to protect rifle sights, usually ap- 
plied to the front open ^ight pf a military rifle. 
Silhouette Target— (See i'arge^t). 

Single Action — A mechanism^mat permits of firing a fire arm 

by cocking and pullmg the trigger. 
Sizing Bullets — Forcing bullets through a sizing tool to make 

them of uniform size. 
Skeleton Stock — An open metallic detachable stock to a rifle. 

Usually employed on pocket rifles. 
Skirmishing — Skirmish Firing — Shooting at unknown and 

irregular distances ; usually quick and rapid firing. 
Slag — Dross — Recrement of metal. It is found generally on 

the surface of molten lead. 
Smokeless Powder — (See Powder). 

Smoking Sights — Blacking rifle sights by smoke from some 

burning article; camphor or burning wood are usually 

employed. 
Soft Nose Bullet — Applied chiefly to bullets used in small 

bore rifles, and smokeless powders. The point of the bullet 

is left uncovered, or not protected by the metal patch, in 
' order to secure the mushrooming or expansion of the bullet. 

Used chiefly for shooting game. 
Soft Point — A bullet for a high power rifle with unjacketed 

point. (See Bullet). Soft Nosed, Half Mantled, Half 

Jacketed Bullets. 
Soft Pointed Bullet— (See Bullet). 
Soldier of Marathon — (See Trophies). 

Spat of a Bullet — The sound produced by the bullet striking 
some object. 

Spiral Ribs — The lands of a rifle barrel. 

Spiral Tubes — A rifle barrel. 

Spirit Level — A sealed glass tube containing fluid. A bubble 
indicates the plumbness of holding the rifle. It may be 
applied to the muzzle sight, to the rear barrel sight, or to the 
butt; it is usually affixed to the front sight, and used in 
target shooting. 

Split Bullet— (See Bullet). 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 115 

Sporting Rifle — A term of doubtful meaning. Apparently- 
used in England to signify a hunting rifle, while in America 
it seems to be used chiefly to signify a rifle used for target 
practice. 

Spotting Disk — A card disk with a plug through it. The 
plug is placed in a shot hole in the target, and the disk indi- 
cates the location of the shot, or target. 

Spotting Shots — Locating the position of shots on a target, 
and marking or spotting them on a duplicate target, usually 
of miniature size. 

Sprew Hole — A hole in a bullet mold through which the 
molten lead is poured. 

Springfield Armory — Established 1800, at Springfield, Mass., 
for manufacture of U. S. Government arms. 

Spur — A term applied to a hook on the trigger guard of a 
rifle, pistol, or revolver which is intended to add steadiness 
in holding the arm by the shooter grasping it with one 
finger while with the rest of the hand seizes the grip, or 
stock. 

Squib — Squib Shot — A defective load which does not explode 
properly. 

Staggering Bullet— (See Tipping Bullet). 

Standard American Target — (See Target). 

Steel Pointed Bullet— (See Bullet). 

Stevens- Pope System — A method of making rifle barrels, 
formerly employed by H. M. Pope, and now used in special 
Stevens rifles. 

Stone Target — (See Target). 

String Measurement — A system of counting a target. (See 

Target). 
Stripping Bullets — Bullets that do not take the rifling, but 

owing to an excessive powder charge, improper fit of bullet, 

or incorrect alloy, the bullets strip, or are driven across the 

lands of a rifle. 

Sub-caliber — The caliber of an auxiliary barrel. 
Sub-caliber Bullet— (See Bullet). 



ii6 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

I . 

Sub-caliber Cartridge — Ijitefally a cartridge for a sub-caliber 
barrel, but the term is'<^lso applied to a cartridge with a 
sabot of the full size of the rifle bore, but containing a 
bullet smaller than the bore of a rifle. 

Swedge — Swage — An instrument for swedging butts. A pro- 
jectile placed in a substantial cylinder with a piston under 
it, and another over it. A blow on one cylinder amasses, or 
solidifies the bullet, so that the pressure of gas on the bullet 
is less likely to disturb the shape of the projectile. 

Sweepstake — A sum of money contributed by contestants as 
entrance fee for an event, a portion of which constitutes the 
prizes. 

Swinging Target — (See Target). 

Swiss Buttplate — The buttplate of a rifle usually crescent in 
shape, of metal; it is intended lo fit around the arm at a 
point where the arm joins the shoulder, and aid a rifleman 
in holding a rifle steadily. Used almost wholly on heavy 

, rifles for target shooting. 

Slit Patch— (See Patch). 



Tack Hole — The exact center of a bullseye; sometimes a 
small spot is in the center of a bullseye, to which this term 
is also applied. 

Take Down System, or Take Down Rifle — An arm, the barrel 
of which can readily be taken from the action. Employed 
for securing compactness in carrying the arm. 

Taking the Grooves — A term applied to a bullet that is of 
such size that when fired it expands into the grooves inside 
the rifle barrel. 

Taper Shell— (See Shell). 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 117 



Target — The object shot at. f arajets have been made in 
countless sizes, shapes, and de^gnl, and of various materials. 
At the present time there are 5teilitary rifle targets for the 
use of military marksmen shooting out of doors, and match 
rifle targets for marksmen using fine sighted rifles. Military 
targets consist of the following : 

Targets — first, second, and third class, with round bulls- 
eyes; targets — first, second, and third class, with elliptical 
bullseyes ; figure targets. 

Match Rifle Targets — There are but three targets in 
general use by riflemen of the United States. They are as 
follows, given in the order of time they have been in use; 
Ring target, three-quarter inch, also known as German ring 
target, and the German-American target. For 200 yard 
rifle shooting it has a buUseye twelve inches in diameter ; 
the whole target, including bullseye, is divided into circles 
three-quarters of an inch apart, the center circle being one 
and one-half inches in diameter, counting from 25 down. 
This target is used almost wholly for rifle shooting, and 
is reduced in size proportionately to the distance it is used. 

Standard American Target, adopted by a majority of 
American rifle clubs of the United States, January ist, 1886, 
forty-three clubs voting on eight different designs, this 
target receiving twenty-four votes, the next designs in the 
following order: eight, four, one, one, one, one, one. For 
dimensions of Standard American target see Standard 
American target under alphabetical list of targets. 

For rest shooting the target has two circles inside the 10 
circle, counting 11 and 12, the first is 2.33, the second 1.41 
inches in diameter. This target is used for shooting at 200 
yards with rifle, and is reduced proportionately at shorter 
. distances. The 7- circle may be included in the bullseye if 
desired. It is also used without the 11 and 12 circles for 
revolver and pistol shooting at 50 yards, out of doors, and 
is reduced proportionately for shorter range shooting with 
these arms. In some instances the ratio of reduction accord- 
ing to distance is not followed; for instance, the target 
with two and three-fourth inch bullseye is largely used for 
revolver and pistol shooting at a range of 20 yards. 

Columbia Target, for rifle, pistol, and revolver shooting. 
For rifle shooting at 200 yards, or pistol and revolver shoot- 



ii8 American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 

ing at 50 yards, the target consists of a series of rings one- 
half inch apart. The inner circle is one inch in diameter ; 
count, I upward; bullseye, any size. 

The three targets described are mainly used for rifle and 
pistol shooting in club shoots and in open contests, and the 
principal and important records have been made on them, 
but at large shooting tournaments where match rifles are 
used there are special targets employed to give variety to 
the tournament. These are usually the man target, the 
point target, the eagle target, the Stich target, each being 
briefly described in the appended alphabetically arranged 
list. This list is intended to cover only the principal 
targets that have been used and considered for adoption by 
riflemen of the United States. 

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RIFLE TARGETS 
which have been used by American riflemen : 

American Decimal Target — Originated by the Gardner 
Rifle Club in 1884, and used by that club a short time. Made 
up of a series of rings, one inch apart, counting 10 to i. No 
longer used. 

Baltimore Ring Target — A series of rings one-half inch 
apart; the inner circle one inch in diameter; count, 25 to i. 

Blunt Target — (See U. S. Army Target). 

Bryant Target — Presented for consideration for a standard 
target in 1885. Not adopted. Not in use. 

Columbia Target — Designed by F. O. Young, San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. For description see above. In use at present 

time. 

Creedmoor Target — Adopted with square bullseye, first, 
second, and third class, by National Rifle Association in 1871. 
Superseded by targets with round bullseye adopted by N. R. A. 
Name also changed to National Rifle Association targets. 

Decimal Target — Several targets known by this name were 
presented for consideration of riflemen of the United States; 
the one designed by Maj. C. W. Hmman was finally adopted. 
They all had the decimal system of count, and were made up 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 119 

of series of rings; some equal distances apart, others with 
varing'width of rings. 

Farrow Target — Designed by W. M. Farrow in 1885, con- 
sidered by riflemen of the United States and not adopted. 
Not now in use. 

Figure Targets — The silhouette targets used by the U. S. 
Army. 

Harris Target — Designed by H. S. Harris, Boston, Mass. 
In use a short time. Made up of a series of rings. Not now 
in use. 

HiNMAN Target — Designed by Maj. C. W. Hinman in 1884. 
Made up of a series of rings increasing in width as they ex- 
tend outward. Decimal count 10 to i. Another design made 
in 1885 by Maj. Hinman, and at first known as the Hinman 
target, superseded his first design and was adopted by a 
majority of American rifle clubs in the United States in 1886, 
and is now known as the Standard American target. (See 
under that head). 

Holmes Target — Designed by Charles L. Holmes, Water- 
bury, Conn. Made up of a series of rings one inch apart, 
counting 20 center ring down to i outer ring. 

Honor Target — A special target held for a single series of 
shots, usually this means three shots on the ring target with 
three-quarter inch rings. 

Iron Target — Constructed of iron. Obsolete and dangerous. 

King Target — The one employed to shoot for the Kingship ; 
usually the three-fourth inch ring target. 

Man Target — Shaped like the head and shoulders of a man, 
with perpendicular lines. 

Massachusetts Ring Target — A target in use for many 
years by the Massachusetts Rifle Association, and generally 
used by many rifle clubs. Target, 4x6 feet. Count 12 center 
ring to 2 outer, also made to count by Creedmoor count. No 
longer in use. 

National Rifle Association Target — Adopted by the 
National Rifle Association of America in 1901. Dimensions; 



I20 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



THIRD CLASS. 

4x6 ft. — 200 and 300 yds. 



SECOND CLASS. 

6x6 ft. — 500 and 60b yds. 





Bullseye, 8 in. in diameter. 
Center, 26 " " 

Inner, 46 " " 

Outer, balance of target. 



Bullseye, 22 in. in diameter. 
Center, 38 " " 

Inner, 54 " " 

Outer, balance of target. 



FIRST CLASS. 
12 X 6 ft. — 800, 900, and 1000 yds. 





B 1 4 3 


& 



Bullseye, 3 ft. in diameter. 
Center, 4^ " " 

Inner, 6 ft. square. 
Outer, balance of target. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 121 

The count on the foregoing targets will be : Bullseye, 5 ; 
center, 4 ; inner, 3 ; outer, 2. Ricochet shots will be scored as 
misses, except in skirmish and volley matches. 

Point Target — Has a black bullseye twelve inches in 
diameter; the inner circle is three Jnches in diameter and 
counts 3 ; the next circle, six inches in diameter counts 2 
points; the third circle is made up of the remainder of the 
black and counts i point; shots outside of the black do not 
count. 

Rabbeth Target — Designed by F. J. Rabbeth in 1885. 
Made up of a series of rings, increasing in width as they ex- 
tend outward, counting 10 inner circle down to i. Bullseye 
eight inches in diameter. Not now in use. 

Raub Target — A circular disk made of clay and also of 
paste board. This target was sprung from a magazine trap, 
and used for practice with a rifle at flying objects. 

Ring Target — German ring, three quarter inch ring ; Ger- 
man-American, three-quarter inch ring. Known by all of 
these names. For description see above. Is largely in use 
at the present time both for indoor and outdoor rifle shoot- 
ing, being reduced in size proportionate to distance, or there- 
abouts for indoor shooting. 

Running Deer Target — A figure of a deer mounted, and 
made to run on a track with motion as if running. The count 
is given according to location of shot. Such a target was 
in use at Creedmoor rifle range. Queens, L. I., N. Y., for 
some time, but is not at present in use on any known rifle 
range in the United States. 

Silhouette Target — (See U. S. Targets). 

Standard American Target — Adopted by a majority of 
American rifle clubs in the United States in 1886. Used for 
rifle, pistol, and revolver shooting. Dimensions of the target 
for 200 yard rifle shooting, and 50 yard revolver and pistol 
shooting are as follows : 

DIAMETER OF CIRCLES : 



10 circle, 3.36 inches. 


5 circle, 19.68 inches. 


9 " 5-54 " 


4 " 26 


8 " 8 


3 " 34-22 " 


7 " II 


2 " 46 


6 " 14.80 " 


I, balance of target, 4x6 feet. 



122 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

width of rings: 
9, 1.09 inches. 5, 2.44 inches. 

8, 1.23 " 4, 3.16 

7, 1.50 " 3, 4.11 

6, 1.90 " 2, 5.89 " 

For shorter ranges use targets reduced proportionate to the 
distances. 

United States Army Target — The series of targets used 
for rifle practice by the U. S. Army and the U. S. volunteers 
following the U. S. Army system. The targets formerly used 
by the U. S. Army consisted of what was generally known as 
first, second, and third class Blunt targets. Elliptical targets 
and Army targets, first, second, and third class targets with 
elliptical bullseyes, are no longer used by the U. S. Army, but 
are used by the U. S. volunteers of some states. The U. S. 
Army now use silhouette, or figure | targets, wholly, and they 
consist of figures of men standing, kneeling, and lying prone, 
as well as figures mounted on horseback and groups of figures 
mounted and unmounted, all of which may be found in the 
U. S. Army Regulations for Small Arms Firing. 

To the foregoing are to be added targets for indoor gallery 
shooting with rifles, pistols, and revolvers. These are of in- 
numerable styles and designs, and as they are used at varying 
distances and under no recognized rules, descriptions, if it 
were possible to give them, would serve no purpose. The 
great indoor recognized records with the foregoing arms were 
shot on the targets already described. 

Target Paster— (See Paster). 

Target Revolver — (See Revolver). 

Target Rifle — A rifle fitted with fine sights for target practice. 

Target Sights — Fine sights for target shooting; usually mean- 
ing a rear aperture Vernier elevating sight and a front wind 
gauge sight, with pin head or aperture disk. 

Target String Measurement — Any target or spot aimed at, 
from the center of which to the center of each shot measure- 
ment is made and added together. The aggregate consti- 
tutes the score. Where two or more scores of a similar 
i number of shots are compared the lowest aggregate means 
the shortest string and is the be§t SQore, 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 123 

Telescope — An instrument for viewing distant objects, to 
render them distinct and visible. The usual form of tele- 
scope is used largely by riflemen to locate the shots on a 
target, and to mare certainly see the value of the shot while 
being marked. 

Telescope Rifle — A rifle sighted with a telescope sight. 

Telescope Rifle Sight — Telescopic Rifle Sight— A form of 
telescope used as a sight for a rifle, with the object of restor- 
ing defective vision or increasing normal vision of a rifle- 
man. The lenses of rifle telescopes are rated by power 
from one power upward; they are also designated as low 
power and high power. 

As holding a rifle still when shooting without a rest is an 
impossibility the magnification multiplies the movement and 
makes sighting quite confusing; therefore, for shooting 
without a rest with a rifle ; /. e., offhand shooting and hunt- 
ing, low power telescopes are used ; for rest shooting many 
riflemen prefer a higher power. The question of the proper 
telescope to select should depend upon the purpose it is 
intended, and the steadiness and vision of the person who is 
to use it. 

A suitable telescopic rifle s^ht for certain purposes is 
likely to be a great aid to a person using it ; an unsuitable 
one would prove a serious detriment. More mistakes are 
made by selecting too high power glasses than too low. A 
majority of those who use telescope sights for hunting or off- 
hand shooting use from four to ten power ; for rest shooting 
from ten to twenty power, depending upon the length of 
the tube and the diameter. Some riflemen use low power 
telescopes for rest shooting. There is an inclination at the 
time of writing to use telescope sights of lower power than 
formerly, both for rest and offhand shooting. 

Texas Grip — (See Positions in Rifle Shooting). 

Three Groove Rifle— A rifle with a barrel with three grooves; 

the style adopted by the U. S. government in the U. S. 

Springfield rifle. 
Tie — To equal in a score. 

Tin — A hard metal used by riflemen as an. alloy to harden 
bullets. The term i to 16, i to 20, etc. means one part tin 
to sixteen or twenty parts lead. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 125 

Tipping Bullets — Bullets that do not fly on a true axis; the 
fault is usually detected by the oblong hole made by the 
bullet when passing through a target. 

Trajectory — As applied to bullets, the curve a bullet describes 
in its flight. 

Trigger — That part of a rifle's mechanism that holds the rifle 
cocked, which when pressed fires the piece. 

Trigger Pull — The amount of pressure necessary to release the 
trigger. Riflemen refer to this as a one pound pull, or two 
pound pull ; i. e. , requiring a pressure of one or two pounds 
to release the trigger. A hair trigger pull, a very light pull ; 
a creeping pull, a dragging pull ; a stiff pull, a hard pull ; a 
smooth pull, a fine pull, etc. 

Trigger Pull Tester — Test — An instrument, the weight of 
which is the minimum trigger pull prescribed in the shooting 
rules ; the uncharged rifle is cocked and the tester hung on 
the trigger to prove the trigger pull of the rifle. This 
operation is called the trigger test. 

Trophies — There are many trophies representing skill in rifle 
shooting. First and most important are the international 
and national trophies, then follow state, club, and individual 
trophies. The rifle shooting trophies of an international 
character in which the riflemen of the United States are 
interested, and the national trophies of this country are as 
follows : 

Hilton Trophy ; Palma Trophy (International) ; Leech 
Cup ; Soldier of Marathon (representing Interstate Military 
Championship of the United States) ; Wimbledon Cup. 

Hilton Trophy — Presented by Hon. Henry Hilton, of New 
York, to be shot for annually. To be held during the year by 
the head of the corps or organization whose team may win it, 
to be returned to the National Rifle Association of America 
at the expiration thereof. Value, $3,000. 
Won in 1878 by New York score, 1,044 

1879 by New York " 1,043 

1880 by Division of Missouri, U. S. A . . . . " 1,023 

1881 by New York " 911 

1882 by Pennsylvania " 986 

1883 by Michigan " 1,066 



126 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 




The Hilton Trophy, 



' P 



American Rifleman''s Encyclopedia. 



127 




The Leech Cup Trophy. 

Presented for competition to riflemen of America by Major Arthur B, Leech, 

captain of team of Irish riflemen, on the occasion of its 

visit to New Yoik in 1874. 



128 ; American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 

Won in 1884 by Division o£ Atlantic, U. S. A score, 1,018 

1885 by Division of Atlantic, U. S. A " 997 

1886 by Massachusetts " 1,044 

1887 by Massachusetts " 1,096 

1888 by Massachusetts " 1,080 

1889 by Massachusetts " 1,057 

1890 by District of Columbia " 1,017 

T891 by New York " 1,065 

1892 by Pennsylvania " 1,056 

1893 by District of Columbia " i 058 

1894 by Pennsylvania. . , " 1,088 

1895 by District of Columbia " 1,097 

1896 by District of Columbia " 1,010 

1897 by Georgia " 1,086 

1898 No meeting (Spanish-American war). 

1899 by New Jersey " 1,089 

1900 by New Jersey " i ,082 

1901 by District of Columbia " 1,098 



Palma Centennial Trophy — Created in the year 1876 in the 
name of the United States of America, to be shot for in 
international competition by the riflemen of the world. Valued 
"at $1,500. It was to be contested for by teams of eight men 
from any country, with any rifle, at 800, 900, and 1,000 yards, 
thirty shots per man at each distance. The match was to 
last two days. It was first shot for in 1876, the Centennial 
year, by teams representing Scotland, Ireland, Australia, 
Canada, and the United 'States of America. It was won by 
the American team with a score of 3,126 points, the other 
scores being Ireland, 3,104; Scotland, 3,063; Australia, 3,062; 
Canada, 2,923. 

The second contest for the Palma trophy occurred in 1877, 
between teams representing Great Britain and the United 
States of America, respectively ; it was again won by America, 
the score being 3,334 points ; Great Britain's score being 3,242 
points. It was shot for by the American team only in 1878; 
no other contestants ; the score was 3,236 points, with seven- 
teen shots to fire. 

After that, interest in international competitions with the 
small bore match rifle waned, and the great Palma trophy, 

*Made on silhouette target. 



American Rieleman's Encyclopedia. 



129 



ifter resting a while in the National Rifle Association rooms 
vvas stored. Later the trophy was transferred to the 
Museum of Military Service, at Governors Island. New York 
larbor, where it remained until the Spanish war began, when 
che museum was taken by the U. S. Ordnance Department as 
a storehouse, and this trophy was packed and stored in New 
York city. 

Upon the reorganization of the National Rifle Association 
of America, in 1900, the Palma Centennial Trophy was again 
brought forth for competition. The conditions were also 
changed to the following : 

For the championship of the world ; open to riflemen of all 
countries ; each team to consist of eight men ; any military 
rifle; minimum pull of trigger, 4^ pounds; 800, 900, and 
1,000 yards, thirty shots at each range by each competitor ; 
any position without artificial rest. 

In 1900 United States of America shot for the trophy with- 
out opposition ; score, 2,755 points. 

In 1 90 1 the trophy was shot for by teams representing the 
United States and the Dominion of Canada. It was won by 
the latter. The scores: Dominion of Canada, 1522; United 
States, 1,494. For details of this contest see International 
Matches. 



Soldier of Marathon Trophy — A bc^-utiful bronze figure piece. 
Presented by the Commander-in-Chief, on behalf of the State 
of New York, to be shot for annually, and to be held during 
the year by the Adjutant-General of the state whose team 
may win it; value, $350. 
Won in 1875 by New York score 

1876 by Connecticut 

1877 by California 

1878 by New York , ! 

1879 by New York " 

1880 by New Jersey 

1881 by New York 

1882 by Pennsylvania 

1883 by Michigan 

1884 by Pennsylvania 

1885 by Pennsylvania 

1886 by Massachusetts 

1887 by Massachusetts 



864 
829 
995 
974 
1,010 

959 
921 
989 
1,013 
1.045 
1,014 
1,024 
1,014 



I30 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



4 



>it.Tiii.^j^Lfij 




The Soldier of Marathon Trophy. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



131 



Won in 1888 by Massachusetts score, 

188^ by Massachusetts 

1890 by New York 

i8gi by New York 

1892 by Pennsylvania 

1893 by District of Columbia 

1894 by New Jersey 

1895 by Georgia 

1896 by Georgia 

*i897 by Georgia , . 

1898 No meeting. 

1899 by District of Columbia 

1900 by District of Columbia 

1901 by New Jersey 



1,047 

1,045 
986 
1,026 
1,051 
1,027 
1,044 

1,043 
1,048 
1,107 

1,006 
1,049 
1,074 



'Wimbledon Cup Trophy — Presented by the National Rifle 
Association of Great Britain to the National Rifle Association 
of America, to be competed for on conditions to be decided 
upon by the National Rifle Association of America, and to be 
held by the winner till the next annual meeting, when it will 
be shot for on the same conditions. Value, $500. 

Won in Won in 

1875 by Maj. Henry Fulton 1888 by W. H. Merrill 



1876 by I. L. Allen 

1877 by Dudley Selph 

1878 by Frank Hyde 

1879 by C. H. Laird 

1880 by W. M. Farrow 

188 1 by F. J. Rabbeth 

1882 by W. Budworth 

1883 by H. T. Rockwell 

1884 by J. W. Todd 

1885 by J. W. Todd 

1886 by J. W. Todd 

1887 by T. J. Dolan 



ia»9 by C. H. Gaus 

1890 by C. H. Gaus 

1891 by C. H. Gaus 

1892 by C. H. Gaus 

1893 by S. I. Scott 

1894 by Peter Finnegan 

1895 by S. I. Scott 

1896 by Capt. Geo. T. Cann 

1897 by Lieut. F. C. Wilson 

1899 by Lieut. F. C. Wilson 

1900 by William deV. Foulke 

1901 by Capt. W. B. Martin 



Leech Cup Trophy — A trophy presented for competition to 
the riflemen of America by Major Arthur Blennerhassett 
Leech, Captain of the Irish team of riflemen on the occasion 
of their visit to New York, in 1874. This trophy was shot for 



^Made on silliouette target. 



132 American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 




The Wimbledon Cup Trophy 



American Rifleman^s Encyclopedia. 133 

first at Creedmoor, L. I., N. Y., in 1875, and subsequently 
under the following conditions : 

Under the auspices of the Amateur Rifle Club, open to all 
native born citizens of the United States, and all resident 
members of the Amateur Rifle Club, regardless of nationality. 
Distances— :8oo, 900, and 1,000 yards. Position — Any, with- 
out artificial rest. Rounds — 15 at each distance, without 
sighting shots. Weapon — Any rifle, within the rules. Entrance 
fee — $1.00 for members of the A. R. C, and $2.00 for all 
others. 
Won in 1875 by Col. John Bodine score, 205 

1876 by Col. H. A. Gildersleeve " 204 

1877 by Major H. S. Jewell " 213 

1878 by Frank Hyde " 205 

1879 by J. S. Sumner " 215 

1880 by T. Lamb, Jr " 218 

1881 by Col. L. C. Bruce " 217 

1882 by Col. H. F. Clark " 210 

Trombone Motion — A term used in describing the mechanism 
of certain magazine rifles that are operated by drawing back 
the mechanism to cock the piece, and pushing forward to 
make ready to fire. A motion similar to that used by a 
trombone player. (See Action). 

Tumblings A term used by riflemen to describe the erratic 
flight of a projectilie, the cause of which is usually insufli- 
cient twist in a rifle causing the bullet to tumble, or fail to 
fly point on. 
Twist — The spiral of the grooves and lands in a rifle. 
Uniform Twist — Uniform from beginning to end. 
Gain Twist — Increasing in twist as approaching the 
muzzle. 

Slow Twist — Quick Twist — As their names imply. 

Type Metal — An alloy usually consisting of lead, antimony, 
and tin ; sometimes copper and nickle are added. A very 
hard metal used for making printing type, but employed by 
riflemen as an alloy to harden bullets. 

u 

Uncrimped — Ammunition that is not crimped. (See Crimp). 



134 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 



Uniform Twist — A regular twist in a rifle, (See Twist). 

Union Hill Ballard — A pattern of the Ballard rifle for target 
practice. Not now manufactured. 

United States Revolver Association — ^^Organized March 5th, 
1900, in New York city. Any citizen of the United States 
may become a mem- 
ber of this association 
on vote of the Execu- 
tive Committee, and 
on paying the annual 
dues of $1.00, payable 
on election, and there- 
after on the first day 
of January in every 
year. Annual meeting 
on the third Monday 
of January in each 
year. Championship 
for military revolver, 
any revolver and pistol , 
shot for annually out 
of doors; also indoor 
championship, shot for 
during the winter 
months. Medals are 
also awarded for series 
shot on home ranges. 
E. E. Patridge, presi- 
dent, Boston, Mass. ; 
A. L. A. Himmelwright, secretary 
New York. 

Unsized Bullet — Bullet that has not been passed through a 
sizer. 

Upset — A term used by riflemen to indicate the change in the 
shape of a bullet caused by force being applied to one end 
of it. This usually means the change in the bullet caused 
by the pressure of gas from the ignition of the powder 
charge behind the bullet, causing it to expand and take or 
fit the rifling in the barrel. Force applied to the end of a 
bullet, either by the gas pressure, by a rod, or by a ball 




121 Liberty street, 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 135 

seater, upsets the bullet; /. e., it expands it and it is made 
thicker and shorter. 

V 

Vaseline — Used as an ingredient in lubricants. (See Lubri- 
cants). 

Velocity — The speed of a bullet in its flight. 

Ventilated Rifle Barrel — A term applied to a rifle barrel that 
has holes bored through the barrel at the muzzle end, the 
object of which is to regulate the gas pressure. The inven- 
tor of this system, P. E. Kent, of Utica, N. Y., claims that 
by this process the gas partly escapes through the holes, 
which relieves the great pressure and spread of gas around 
the bullet as it leaves the rifle barrel, consequently the force 
of the gas is applied directly at the base of the bullet, giving 
it a more regular flight, and causing greater accuracy and 
increased penetration. 

Vernier Sight— (See Sight). 

Wad — A plug, or stopper, of yielding substance placed over 
the powder in a rifle barrel or over powder in a metallic shell. 

Wad Cutter — A tool for cutting wads. 

Wadding — Material placed over a powder charge in a muzzle- 
loading rifle, or material from which wads are cut. 

Warming Shot — A preliminary shot fired to warm the rifle, 
the impression being that a barrel so heated gives less 
variations in elevations. 

Wild Shots — The shots that in a series of regular shots strike 
apart from them ; erratic shots. 

Wilkinson Loader — A device for accurately measuring powder 
when loading shells. 

Wimbledon Cup — (See Trophies). 

Windage — The allowance made for drift of a bullet. 

Wind Dial — A device erected on a range to indicate the direc- 
tion the wind is blowing. 




Copy of painting made to commemorate 

Captain C. S. Richmond's loo shot world's revolver record. 

Made v^^ith Peters Cartridges. 



American Rifleman's Encyclopedia. 137 

Wind Gauge — A sight which can be moved to counteract the 
effect of wind on a rifle projectile during its flight. It may 
be at muzzle end of barrel, at rear end of same, on the grip, 
or at the base of stock of rifle. 

Wobble — A term applied to the unsteady rotation, or spin, of 
a bullet ; usually caused by insufficient twist in a rifle barrel. 



Zettler System — A style of rifling invented and used by C. G. 
& B. Zettler, New York. (See Rifling). 

Zielfernrohre — The German term for telescopic rifle sight. 



'mma^^ 




POWDEB 






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United STftTES 
ssseiss^isoo-eoir" 




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Points on King's Semi-Smokeless Powder sent free. 

THE RING POWDER CO., 

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Eastern Department: 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T. H. Keller, Manager. 



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A Triumph in Modern Shotgun Powder. 

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MANUFACTURED BY 

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Eastern Department: 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T, 11. Keller, Manager. 




LOADED WITH 

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Hold the World's Ifecords in ^ J' ^ 
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eARTRIDGES loaded with King's 
Semi-Smokeless Powder made the 
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On June i, 1901, Capt. C. S. Richmond, 
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shot revolver record on the Standard target 
at 50 yards, by a score of 918 out of i,oco 
points. Capt. Richmond shot a .44 cali- 
ber revolver and Peters Factory Loaded 
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On December 7, 1901, Thomas Anderton, 
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The 
Peters Cartridge 60.9 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

Eastern Department : 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T. H. KELLER, MANAGER. 




AUG -4 1902 



1902 



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LOADED WITH 

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Books for Sportsmen sent free to any part 
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THE PETi:RS CARTRIDGE CO. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Eastern Department: 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T. H. Keller, Manager. 



13 



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Peters Factory Loaded* 
Shells. 

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^^ 

King's, DuPont, Hazard, 
LOADED E. C. and Schultze 
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After exhaustive tests we have found superior loads for these powders. 
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Book on Shooting mailed free. 



The Peters Cartridge Company, 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
Eastern Department: 80 Chambers Street, New York. 

T. H. Keller, Manager. 



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